Aluminum (Al³⁺) toxicity is one of the factors limiting crop production in acidic soils. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes for tolerance to Al³⁺ toxicity at seed germination can aid the development of new tolerant cultivars. The segregating population derived from Pak Basmati (Indica) × Pokkali (Indica) was used for mapping QTLs linked with tolerance to Al³⁺ toxicity ranging from 0 to 20 mM at pH 4 ± 0.2 at germination. The favorable alleles for all new QTLs were analyzed based on germination traits, i.e., final germination percentage (FG%), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), germination index (GI), mean germination time (MGT), germination value (GV), germination velocity (GVe), peak value of germination (GPV), and germination capacity (GC), and growth traits, such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), total dry biomass (TDB) and germination vigor index (GVI). The phenotypic evolution showed transgressive variations. For genome-wide mapping, 90 polymorphic SSRs with 4 gene-specific markers and Win QTL Cart were used for QTL analysis. In all, 35 QTLs for germination and 11 QTLs for seedling growth were detected in distinct chromosomal regions by composite interval mapping (CIM), and multiple interval mapping (MIM) confirmed the pleiotropy at region RM128 on chromosome 1. Based on our genetic mapping studies, the genes/QTLs underlying tolerance to Al³⁺ toxicity could differ for both the germination and seedling stages in segregated populations. The QTLs identified in this study could be a source of new alleles for improving tolerance to Al³⁺ toxicity in rice.

铝（Al ³⁺）毒性是限制酸性土壤中农作物产量的因素之一。鉴定对种子萌发时对Al ³⁺毒性的耐受性的数量性状基因座（QTL）/基因可以帮助开发新的耐性品种。来自巴基斯坦巴斯马蒂（Pak Basmati）和 印度Pokkali（印度）的隔离种群用于绘制与Al ³⁺耐受性相关的QTL定位图萌发时，在pH 4±0.2范围内，毒性为0至20 mM。根据发芽特性分析所有新QTL的有利等位基因，即最终发芽率（FG％），发芽能（GE），发芽速度（GS），发芽指数（GI），平均发芽时间（MGT），发芽率值（GV），发芽速度（GVe），发芽峰值（GPV）和发芽能力（GC）以及生长性状，例如根长（RL），苗长（SL），总干生物量（TDB）和发芽势指数（GVI）。表型进化显示出海侵变异。对于全基因组定位，将90个具有4个基因特异性标记的多态性SSR和Win QTL Cart用于QTL分析。通过复合区间作图（CIM），在不同的染色体区域共检测到35个发芽QTL和11个苗木生长QTL，在隔离种群中，发芽和幼苗阶段的³⁺毒性可能不同。在这项研究中确定的QTL可能是新的等位基因的来源，以提高水稻对Al ³⁺毒性的耐受性。