The purpose of this review is to discuss the development and the contribution of the experiments and numerical simulations in compression-induced failure characteristics of flawed rock specimens. Investigation is essential to understand the fundamental failures occurring in a rock bridge, for assessing anticipated and actual performances of the structures built on or in rock masses. The review begins by representing and discussing compression-induced crack initiation and growth in flawed rocks and explaining the significance of studying these issues in Section 1. The crack initiation and growth behaviors in flawed rocks under uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial compressions are described in depth in Section 2 where it is expected to distinguish 2-D crack growth from 3-D crack growth. After that, the failure characteristics of flawed rock specimens due to temperature treatments and hydraulic pressure are systematically reviewed. Numerical studies of the compression-induced failure characteristics of flawed rock specimens based on different numerical theories and numerical models are comprehensively evaluated in Section 3. In Section 4, the new findings obtained recently from experimental and numerical studies are drawn. Finally, some aspects of prospective research and a brief summary are presented in Sections 5 and 6.

中文翻译：

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有缺陷岩石中的压缩诱导裂纹萌生和扩展：综述

本综述的目的是讨论试验和数值模拟在有缺陷岩石试样的压缩引起的破坏特征方面的发展和贡献。调查对于了解岩桥中发生的基本故障、评估岩体上或岩体中结构的预期和实际性能至关重要。综述首先代表和讨论有缺陷岩石中压缩引起的裂纹萌生和扩展，并在第 1 节中解释了研究这些问题的重要性。 深入描述了在单轴、双轴和三轴压缩下有裂纹的岩石中的裂纹萌生和扩展行为在第 2 节中，预计将 2-D 裂纹扩展与 3-D 裂纹扩展区分开来。之后，系统地回顾了由于温度处理和水压引起的有缺陷岩石试样的破坏特征。第 3 节综合评估了基于不同数值理论和数值模型的有缺陷岩石试样压缩破坏特征的数值研究。第 4 节中，得出了最近从实验和数值研究中获得的新发现。最后，第 5 节和第 6 节介绍了前瞻性研究的某些方面和简要总结。绘制了最近从实验和数值研究中获得的新发现。最后，第 5 节和第 6 节介绍了前瞻性研究的某些方面和简要总结。绘制了最近从实验和数值研究中获得的新发现。最后，第 5 节和第 6 节介绍了前瞻性研究的某些方面和简要总结。