Global initiatives to reforest degraded areas have intensified in recent years, in an attempt to reverse the environmental impacts of habitat loss on species and ecosystem provided by them. However, the effectiveness of such reforestation initiatives in re-establishing biodiversity is still poorly understood. Here, we test how reforestation type and intensity applied to deforested areas affect the reestablishment of communities of cavity-nesting bees and wasps. We deployed experimental trap-nests along a reforestation gradient of increasing structural similarity to primary forest, after 18 years of reforestation. We found that reestablishment, in terms of abundance and richness of both bees and wasps, was greatest at an intermediate point along the reforestation gradient. However, these communities were highly dissimilar to primary forest, and recovery of intact insect community composition was only achieved when reforestation was more similar in structure to natural forests. This effect was more pronounced for bees than for wasps. Our findings suggest that along the reforestation gradient, services provided by wasps will be more easily recovered than those provided by bees. Our results have important implications for the challenges of restoring and maintaining species biodiversity as well as their associated ecosystem services.

近年来，全球加强了对退化地区进行森林改造的倡议，以期扭转栖息地丧失对它们所提供的物种和生态系统的环境影响。但是，这种造林倡议在重建生物多样性方面的有效性仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们测试了森林砍伐的类型和强度对森林砍伐地区的应用方式如何影响巢穴蜜蜂和黄蜂群落的重建。经过18年的重新造林，我们沿着与原始森林结构相似度不断提高的重新造林梯度部署了实验性诱捕措施。我们发现，就蜜蜂和黄蜂的丰度和丰富度而言，重建是在造林梯度的中间点最大的。但是，这些社区与原始森林高度不同，只有当重新造林在结构上与天然森林更相似时，才能实现完整的昆虫群落组成的恢复。蜜蜂比黄蜂更明显。我们的研究结果表明，沿着重新造林的梯度，黄蜂提供的服务比蜜蜂提供的服务更容易恢复。我们的结果对恢复和维护物种生物多样性及其相关生态系统服务的挑战具有重要意义。