Abstract

Immunological memory is critical for host immunity and decisive for individual to respond exponentially to previously encountered infection. Both T and B cell memory are known to orchestrate immunological memory with their central and effector memory arms contributing in prolonged immunity/defence mechanisms of host. While central memory helps in maintaining prolonged immunity for a particular infection, effector memory helps in keeping local/seasonal infection in control. In addition to this, generation of long-lived plasma cells is pivotal for generating neutralizing antibodies which can enhance recall and B cell memory to control re-infection. In view of this, scaling up memory response is one of the major objectives for the expected outcome of vaccination. In this line, this review deals with the significance of memory cells, molecular pathways of their development, maintenance, epigenetic regulation and negative regulation in various infections. We have also highlighted the significance of both T and B cell memory responses in the vaccination approaches against range of infections which is not fully explored so far.

Highlights

• Pathogens induce IL-10R, PD-1, T-reg; and downregulate IL7R and IL15R for hijacking memory response

• IL-7, 15, Tcf-1 (Wnt5/7A), and CD28 signaling is decisive for T_CM/T_EM and T_RM recall.

• Bach2 expression suppress Bim and Puma and promotes memory B cell activities

• VCAM1, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF pathways are critical for local activation of memory cells

• Multi-epitope vaccines/adjuvants are potent for inducing specific memory response

摘要

免疫记忆对于宿主免疫至关重要，并且对于个体对先前遇到的感染呈指数反应具有决定性意义。众所周知，T 细胞和 B 细胞记忆都可以协调免疫记忆，它们的中枢和效应记忆臂有助于延长宿主的免疫/防御机制。虽然中央记忆有助于维持对特定感染的长期免疫力，但效应记忆有助于控制局部/季节性感染。除此之外，长寿命浆细胞的产生对于产生中和抗体至关重要，这些抗体可以增强回忆和 B 细胞记忆以控制再感染。鉴于此，扩大记忆反应是疫苗接种预期结果的主要目标之一。在这一行中，这篇评论涉及记忆细胞的重要性，其在各种感染中的发育、维持、表观遗传调控和负调控的分子途径。我们还强调了 T 细胞和 B 细胞记忆反应在针对一系列感染的疫苗接种方法中的重要性，目前尚未充分探索。

强调

• 病原体诱导 IL-10R、PD-1、T-reg；并下调 IL7R 和 IL15R 以劫持记忆反应

• IL-7、15、Tcf-1 (Wnt5/7A) 和 CD28 信号传导对 T _CM /T _EM和 T _RM回忆起决定性作用。

• Bach2 表达抑制 Bim 和 Puma 并促进记忆 B 细胞活动

• VCAM1、IFN-γ 和 GM-CSF 通路对记忆细胞的局部激活至关重要

• 多表位疫苗/佐剂可有效诱导特定的记忆反应