Energy, food, or mobility can be conceptualized as provisioning systems which are decisive to sustainability transformations in how they shape resource use and because of emissions resulting from them. To curb environmental pressures and improve societal well-being, fundamental changes to existing provisioning systems are necessary. In this article, we propose that provisioning systems be conceptualized as featuring integrated socio-metabolic and political-economic dimensions. In socio-metabolic terms, material stocks—buildings, infrastructures, and machines, for example—are key components of provisioning systems and transform flows of energy and materials into goods and services. In political-economic terms, provisioning systems are formed by actors, institutions, and capital. We loosely identify and closely analyze, from socio-metabolic and political-economic perspectives, five phases along which provisioning systems are shaped and in which specific opportunities for interventions exist. Relying mainly on examples from the fossil-fueled electricity system, we argue that an integrated conceptualization of provisioning systems can advance understanding of these systems in two essential ways: by (1) facilitating a more encompassing perspective on current forms of provisioning as relying on capitalist regulation and on material stocks and flows and by (2) embedding provisioning systems within their historical context, making it possible to conceive of more sustainable and just forms of provisioning under (radically) altered conditions.

能源、食物或流动性可以被概念化为供应系统，这些系统在它们如何塑造资源使用以及由此产生的排放方面对可持续性转型具有决定性意义。为了抑制环境压力和改善社会福祉，对现有供应系统进行根本性改变是必要的。在本文中，我们建议将供应系统概念化为具有综合社会代谢和政治经济维度。在社会代谢方面，材料库存——例如建筑物、基础设施和机器——是供应系统的关键组成部分，并将能源和材料流转化为商品和服务。在政治经济方面，供应系统由参与者、机构和资本构成。我们松散地识别并仔细分析，从社会代谢和政治经济的角度来看，供应系统的形成和干预的具体机会存在五个阶段。主要依靠化石燃料电力系统的例子，我们认为供应系统的综合概念化可以通过两种基本方式促进对这些系统的理解：（1）促进对当前供应形式的更全面的看法，因为它依赖于资本主义(2) 将供应系统嵌入其历史背景中，从而有可能在（彻底）改变的条件下设想更可持续和更公正的供应形式。供应系统的形成和干预的具体机会的五个阶段。主要依靠化石燃料电力系统的例子，我们认为供应系统的综合概念化可以通过两种基本方式促进对这些系统的理解：（1）促进对当前供应形式的更全面的看法，因为它依赖于资本主义(2) 将供应系统嵌入其历史背景中，从而有可能在（彻底）改变的条件下设想更可持续和更公正的供应形式。供应系统的形成和干预的具体机会的五个阶段。主要依靠化石燃料电力系统的例子，我们认为供应系统的综合概念化可以通过两种基本方式促进对这些系统的理解：（1）促进对当前供应形式的更全面的看法，因为它依赖于资本主义(2) 将供应系统嵌入其历史背景中，从而有可能在（彻底）改变的条件下设想更可持续和更公正的供应形式。