Examples of variation and change in Romance periphrastic perfects are numerous, from dichotomies between have and be auxiliaries, to the specialization of particular auxiliaries. The current study analyzes periphrastic perfect variation in Judeo-Spanish (JS) auxiliaries. Results suggest that language internal considerations of tense, transitivity, and morphology contribute to the variable selection of two have auxiliaries, aver and tener. While aver appears in 90% of periphrases overall, constructions in the present tense, with transitive verbs, or with irregular participles favored use of the rarer tener auxiliary. The results for present tense relate to different semantic meanings between aver and tener in Old Spanish. The findings for transitivity and irregular participles can be accounted for in terms of retention in the face of analogical change and effects of frequency, respectively. The present study also utilizes the findings on JS auxiliary variation to provide insight into diachronic change in Spanish and Portuguese. Present day Spanish perfects use haber (related to aver) and Portuguese uses ter (related to tener) following centuries of variation between these forms. This diachronic divergence is reflected in JS synchrony, and possibly driven by the specific semantic meanings of perfect constructions in Spanish and Portuguese.

Romance 周边完成时的变化和变化的例子很多，从 have 和 be 助词之间的二分法，到特定助词的专业化。当前的研究分析了犹太-西班牙语 (JS) 助听器的周边完美变异。结果表明，语言内部对时态、及物性和形态的考虑有助于选择两个辅助变量aver和tener。虽然aver出现在 90% 的外围短语中，但现在时的结构、及物动词或不规则分词更喜欢使用稀有的tener助词。现在时的结果与aver和tener用古西班牙语。传递性和不规则分词的发现可以分别根据类比变化和频率效应的保留情况来解释。本研究还利用 JS 辅助变异的发现来深入了解西班牙语和葡萄牙语的历时变化。在这些形式之间经过几个世纪的变化之后，当今的西班牙完美语使用haber（与aver相关），葡萄牙语使用ter（与tener相关）。这种历时分歧反映在 JS 同步中，并且可能是由西班牙语和葡萄牙语中完美结构的特定语义含义驱动的。