Manure and fertilizer applications contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Losses of NH₃ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are an economic loss of nitrogen (N) to farms, and methane (CH₄), N₂O, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are important GHGs. Few studies have examined the effects of low-disturbance manure incorporation (LDMI) on both NH₃ and GHG fluxes. Here, NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ fluxes in corn (Zea mays L.)–winter rye (Secale cereale L.) field plots were measured under fall LDMI (aerator/band, coulter injection, strip-till, sweep inject, surface/broadcast application, broadcast-disk) and spring-applied urea (134 kg N ha^–1) treatments from 2013 to 2015 in central Wisconsin. Whereas broadcast lost 35.5% of applied ammonium-N (NH₄–N) as NH₃–N, strip-till inject and coulter inject lost 0.11 and 4.5% of applied NH₄–N as NH₃, respectively. Mean N₂O loss ranged from 2.7 to 3.6% of applied total N for LDMI, compared with 4.2% for urea and 2.6% for broadcast. Overall, greater CO₂ fluxes for manure treatments contributed to larger cumulative GHG fluxes compared with fertilizer N. There were few significant treatment effects for CH₄ (P > .10); however, fluxes were significantly correlated with changes in soil moisture and temperature. Results indicate that LDMI treatments significantly decreased NH₃ loss but led to modest increases in N₂O and CO₂ fluxes compared with broadcast and broadcast-disk manure incorporation. Tradeoffs between N conservation versus increased GHG fluxes for LDMI and other methods should be incorporated into nutrient management tools as part of assessing agri-environmental farm impacts.

中文翻译：

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玉米青贮-冬季黑麦覆盖作物系统中低干扰奶牛粪掺入对氨和温室气体通量的影响

粪肥和化肥施用会导致温室气体 (GHG) 和氨 (NH ₃ ) 排放。NH ₃和一氧化二氮(N ₂ O) 的损失是农场氮(N) 的经济损失，而甲烷(CH ₄ )、N ₂ O 和二氧化碳(CO ₂ ) 是重要的温室气体。很少有研究检查低干扰粪肥掺入 (LDMI) 对 NH ₃和 GHG 通量的影响。这里，NH ₃、N ₂ O、CH ₄和CO ₂在玉米（Zea mays L. ）-冬季黑麦（Secal europeL.)从 2013 年开始，在秋季 LDMI（曝气机/带式、犁刀喷射、条耕、扫喷射、地表/广播应用、广播盘）和春季应用尿素（134 kg N ha ^–1）处理下测量田地图到 2015 年在威斯康星州中部。撒播损失了 35.5% 的应用氨氮 (NH ₄ -N) 作为 NH ₃ -N，而剥离-耕作注入和犁刀注入分别损失了 0.11% 和 4.5% 的应用 NH ₄ -N 作为 NH ₃。LDMI 的平均 N ₂ O 损失范围为施用总 N 的 2.7% 至 3.6%，而尿素为 4.2%，播撒为 2.6%。总体而言，更大的 CO ₂与肥料 N 相比，粪便处理的通量有助于更大的累积温室气体通量。 CH _{4 的}处理效果很少（P  > .10）；然而，通量与土壤水分和温度的变化显着相关。结果表明，与撒播和撒播盘粪肥掺入相比，LDMI 处理显着降低了 NH ₃损失，但导致 N ₂ O 和 CO ₂通量适度增加。作为评估农业环境影响的一部分，应将氮保护与 LDMI 和其他方法的温室气体通量增加之间的权衡纳入养分管理工具。