High-capacity public transport services such as metro and commuter trains are efficient during normal operations but are vulnerable to disruptions. To manage disruptions, bridging buses are commonly called in to replace the rail-based service along the disrupted lines. These often take significant time to arrive and are costly to keep stand-by. Demand-responsive transport such as taxi can respond to demand almost immediately but is costly and must usually be arranged by the individual travelers. This study examines the integration and potential role of demand-responsive transport in disruption management. The analysis considers the impacts of limiting the serving area, varying the number of available vehicles, pursuing ride-sharing, as well as a system-of-systems approach with collaboration between taxis and bridging buses. Results of computational experiments on the case study of Stockholm, Sweden reveal that integration of demand-responsive transport in the disruption management can bring large positive benefits in terms of average and maximum waiting times for travelers. This is especially the case for strategies including ride-sharing. It is also shown that appropriate trade-offs between desired waiting times and costs can be achieved by collaboration of both bridging buses and demand-responsive transport. Additionally, more robust public transport with increased reliability during disruptions can increase sustainability as more people may choose public transport instead of private cars.

中文翻译：

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将需求响应服务集成到公共交通中断管理中

诸如地铁和通勤火车之类的大容量公共交通服务在正常运营期间是高效的，但容易受到干扰。为了管理中断，通常会使用桥接总线来替换沿中断线路的基于铁路的服务。这些通常需要大量时间才能到达，并且保持待机状态的成本很高。需求响应的运输工具（如出租车）几乎可以立即响应需求，但成本很高，通常必须由各个旅行者安排。本研究考察了需求响应型运输在中断管理中的整合及其潜在作用。分析考虑了限制服务区域，改变可用车辆的数量，追求乘车共享以及在出租车与公交车之间进行协作的系统系统方法的影响。瑞典斯德哥尔摩案例研究的计算实验结果表明，将需求响应运输整合到中断管理中可以为旅行者带来平均和最大等待时间方面的巨大积极收益。对于包括乘车共享在内的策略而言尤其如此。还表明，通过桥接公交车和需求响应型运输的协作，可以在所需的等待时间和成本之间进行适当的权衡。此外，随着越来越多的人选择公共交通工具而不是私家车，更加健壮的公共交通以及在中断期间提高可靠性可以提高可持续性。瑞典表明，将需求响应型运输整合到中断管理中可以为旅行者带来平均和最长的等待时间，从而带来巨大的积极收益。对于包括乘车共享在内的策略而言尤其如此。还表明，通过桥接公交车和需求响应型运输的协作，可以在所需的等待时间和成本之间进行适当的权衡。此外，随着越来越多的人选择公共交通工具而不是私家车，更加健壮的公共交通以及在中断期间提高可靠性可以提高可持续性。瑞典表明，将需求响应型运输整合到中断管理中可以为旅行者带来平均和最长的等待时间，从而带来巨大的积极收益。对于包括乘车共享在内的策略而言尤其如此。还表明，通过桥接公交车和需求响应型运输的协作，可以在期望的等待时间和成本之间进行适当的权衡。此外，随着越来越多的人选择公共交通工具而不是私家车，更加健壮的公共交通以及在中断期间提高可靠性可以提高可持续性。还表明，通过桥接公交车和需求响应型运输的协作，可以在所需的等待时间和成本之间进行适当的权衡。此外，随着越来越多的人选择公共交通工具而不是私家车，更加健壮的公共交通以及在中断期间提高可靠性可以提高可持续性。还表明，通过桥接公交车和需求响应型运输的协作，可以在所需的等待时间和成本之间进行适当的权衡。此外，随着越来越多的人选择公共交通工具而不是私家车，更加健壮的公共交通以及在中断期间提高可靠性可以提高可持续性。