Anxiety is characterized by sensitivity to negative external and internal information, apparent both in symptoms (e.g., hypervigilance and worry) and neural performance monitoring measures (i.e., feedback- and error-related negativity (FRN and ERN)). Here we examine whether anxiety is associated with persistent neural sensitivity to negative performance markers reflected in both the FRN and ERN (n = 273). Higher anxiety was associated with larger responses to both negative feedback and errors as the task progressed compared to those with lower anxiety particularly in women, suggesting that anxiety makes reactions to negative cues more persistent. Similar hypotheses were investigated for depression, which is associated with similar negative cognitive biases and deficits in reward-related processing, but results were mixed. Together, the findings identify variation over time-in-task as an overlooked dimension by which FRN and ERN may serve as a biomarker of anxiety but suggest that depression is not consistently related to performance monitoring.

焦虑的特点是对负面的外部和内部信息敏感，这在症状（例如过度警觉和担忧）和神经性能监测措施（即反馈和错误相关的消极性（FRN 和 ERN））中都很明显。在这里，我们检查焦虑是否与对 FRN 和 ERN 中所反映的负面表现标记的持续神经敏感性相关（n= 273)。与焦虑程度较低的人相比，随着任务的进行，焦虑程度越高，对负面反馈和错误的反应越大，尤其是女性，这表明焦虑使对负面暗示的反应更加持久。对抑郁症进行了类似的假设调查，抑郁症与类似的负面认知偏差和奖励相关处理缺陷有关，但结果好坏参半。总之，研究结果将任务时间的变化确定为 FRN 和 ERN 可能作为焦虑的生物标志物的一个被忽视的维度，但表明抑郁症与绩效监测并不始终相关。