Similar to conventional video, the increasingly popular 360 virtual reality (VR) video requires copyright protection mechanisms. The classic approach for copyright protection is the introduction of a digital watermark into the video sequence. Due to the nature of spherical panorama, traditional watermarking schemes that are dedicated to planar media cannot work efficiently for 360 VR video. In this article, we propose a spherical wavelet watermarking scheme to accommodate 360 VR video. With our scheme, the watermark is first embedded into the spherical wavelet transform domain of the 360 VR video. The spherical geometry of the 360 VR video is used as the host space for the watermark so that the proposed watermarking scheme is compatible with the multiple projection formats of 360 VR video. Second, the just noticeable difference model, suitable for head-mounted displays (HMDs), is used to control the imperceptibility of the watermark on the viewport. Third, besides detecting the watermark from the spherical projection, the proposed watermarking scheme also supports detecting watermarks robustly from the viewport projection. The watermark in the spherical domain can protect not only the 360 VR video but also its corresponding viewports. The experimental results show that the embedded watermarks are reliably extracted both from the spherical and the viewport projections of the 360 VR video, and the robustness of the proposed scheme to various copyright attacks is significantly better than that of the competing planar-domain approaches when detecting the watermark from viewport projection.

中文翻译：

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基于球面小波变换的360度VR视频水印

与传统视频类似，越来越受欢迎的 360 虚拟现实 (VR) 视频需要版权保护机制。版权保护的经典方法是在视频序列中引入数字水印。由于球面全景的性质，传统的平面媒体水印方案无法有效地用于 360 虚拟现实视频。在本文中，我们提出了一种适应 360 度的球形小波水印方案 虚拟现实视频。在我们的方案中，首先将水印嵌入到 360 度的球面小波变换域中 虚拟现实视频。360的球面几何 VR视频作为水印的宿主空间，使得提出的水印方案兼容360的多种投影格式 虚拟现实视频。其次，适用于头戴式显示器（HMD）的刚刚显着差异模型用于控制视口上水印的不可感知性。第三，除了从球面投影中检测水印外，所提出的水印方案还支持从视口投影中鲁棒地检测水印。球域水印不仅可以保护360 VR 视频还有其对应的视口。实验结果表明，嵌入的水印从360的球面投影和视口投影中都能可靠地提取出来。 VR 视频，并且在从视口投影检测水印时，所提出的方案对各种版权攻击的鲁棒性明显优于竞争的平面域方法。