In this paper we investigated if keeping the driver in the perception–action loop during automated driving can improve take-over behavior from conditionally automated driving. To meet this aim, we designed an experiment in which visual exposure (perception) and manual control exposure (action) were manipulated. In a dynamic driving simulator experiment, participants (n = 88) performed a non-driving related task either in a head-up display in the windshield (high visual exposure) or on a head-down display near the gear shift (low visual exposure). While driving, participants were either in an intermittent control-mode with four noncritical take-over situations (high manual control exposure), or in a continuous automation-mode throughout the ride (low manual control exposure). In all conditions, a critical take-over had to be carried out after an approximately 13 min ride. Measurements of take-over behavior showed that only high visual exposure had an effect on hands-on reaction time measurements. Both visual exposure and manual control exposure had small to medium sized main effects on time to system deactivation, the maximum velocity of the steering wheel, and the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle. The combined high visual – and high manual control exposure condition led to 0.55 s faster reaction time and 37% less steering variability in comparison to the worst case low visual – and low manual control exposure condition. Together, results corroborate that maintaining visual exposure and manual control exposure during automated driving can be efficacious and suggest that their positive effects are additive.

在本文中，我们研究了在自动驾驶过程中将驾驶员保持在感知行为循环中是否可以改善有条件自动驾驶的接管行为。为了达到这个目的，我们设计了一个实验，其中操纵了视觉曝光（感知）和手动控制曝光（动作）。在动态驾驶模拟器实验中，参与者（n = 88）在挡风玻璃中的平视显示器（高视觉暴露）或在换档附近的平视显示器（低视觉暴露）中执行了与驾驶无关的任务）。驾车时，参与者要么处于具有四种非关键接管情况的间歇控制模式（高手动控制曝光），要么处于整个行驶过程中的连续自动化模式（低手动控制曝光）。在任何情况下 大约13分钟的车程后，必须进行关键的接管。接管行为的测量表明，只有高度的视觉曝光才会影响动手反应时间的测量。视觉曝光和手动控制曝光都对系统停用时间，方向盘的最大速度和方向盘角度的标准偏差具有中小尺寸的主要影响。与最差的低视觉控制和低手动控制曝光条件相比，高视觉控制和高手动控制曝光条件相结合的反应时间缩短了0.55 s，转向可变性降低了37％。在一起的结果证实，在自动驾驶过程中保持视觉曝光和手动控制曝光是有效的，并表明它们的积极作用是相加的。