The global surges in obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have created a need for decisive new food policy initiatives. A major concern has been the impact of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and ultra-processed drinks on weight gain and on the risk of several NCDs. These foods, generally high in calories, added sugar, sodium, and unhealthy fats, and poor in fibre, protein, and micronutrients, have extensive negative effects on human health and on the environment (due to their associated carbon emission and water use). There is a growing tendency worldwide, and especially in South America, for food companies to add micronutrients to UPFs to make health claims regarding these products, to which food-regulating authorities refer to fake foods. Although more than 45 countries and smaller subregional or urban entities have created taxes on ultra-processed drinks, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, only a few have adopted taxes on snacks and other UPFs, and none have added major subsidies for truly healthy, fresh or minimally processed food for people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Another major focus has been on developing effective package labelling. A smaller number of countries have selected the most impactful warning labels and linked them with other measures to create a mutually reinforcing set of policies; a few other countries have developed effective school food policies. We herein present in-depth results from key countries involved in all these actions and in comprehensive marketing controls, and conclude with our recommendations for the future. This field is quite new; progress to date is substantial, but much more is left to learn.

全球肥胖和与营养相关的非传染性疾病（NCD）激增，需要采取果断的新粮食政策举措。人们主要关注的是超加工食品 (UPF) 和超加工饮料对体重增加和多种非传染性疾病风险的影响。这些食物通常热量高、添加糖、钠和不健康脂肪，且纤维、蛋白质和微量营养素含量低，对人类健康和环境（由于相关的碳排放和用水）具有广泛的负面影响。全球范围内，特别是在南美洲，食品公司在 UPF 中添加微量营养素以对这些产品做出健康声明的趋势日益明显，食品监管机构将其称为假食品。尽管超过 45 个国家和较小的次区域或城市实体对含糖饮料等超加工饮料征税，但只有少数国家对零食和其他 UPF 征税，而且没有一个国家对真正健康、新鲜的饮料增加重大补贴。或为社会经济背景较低的人提供最低限度加工的食品。另一个主要重点是开发有效的包装标签。少数国家选择了最具影响力的警告标签，并将其与其他措施联系起来，以制定一套相辅相成的政策；其他一些国家制定了有效的学校食品政策。我们在此介绍了参与所有这些行动和全面营销控制的主要国家的深入结果，并总结了我们对未来的建议。这个领域是相当新的；迄今为止取得的进展是巨大的，但还有很多东西需要学习。