Mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) are endemic to the Gulf Coast of North America, and their range stretches from Alabama to the Laguna Madre of Mexico, with a distinct population in peninsular Florida and an introduced population in South Carolina. As one of the few non-migratory ducks in North America, mottled ducks depend on a variety of locally available habitat throughout the annual cycle, and threats to these landscapes may affect mottled ducks more acutely than migratory species. Annual population monitoring has revealed declines in mottled duck populations in Texas and Louisiana since 2008, and the genetic integrity of the Florida population has been muddled by the presence of large numbers of feral mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) resulting in hybridization. Similar to other closely related dabbling ducks, mottled duck populations are influenced by recruitment and breeding season survival, so changes in these factors may contribute to population decline. Accordingly, researchers have attempted to address various aspects of mottled duck breeding season ecology and population dynamics since the 1950s. We conducted a literature review on this topic by searching a combination of key terms using Google Scholar, including mottled duck, nesting ecology, habitat use, breeding incidence, nest success, brood, and breeding season survival, and followed citation trees to eventually aggregate information from nearly 50 publications on mottled duck breeding ecology. Our review concluded that mottled ducks use brackish and intermediate coastal marsh, including managed impoundments, and agricultural land during the breeding season. Their nests can be found in pastures, levees, dry cordgrass marsh, cutgrass marsh, spoil banks, and small islands. Nesting propensity and nest success estimates are often lower than other waterfowl species that are characterized by stable or increasing populations. Broods use wetlands composed of a mix of open water with submerged and emergent vegetation. Breeding season survival is higher for the Florida population than the western Gulf Coast population, but adult survival in both geographies is comparable to (or higher than) that of other dabbling duck species. Breeding habitat use, breeding season survival, and nest-site selection and success have been studied extensively in mottled ducks, whereas information on nesting propensity, renesting intensity, and post-hatch ecology is lacking. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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斑鸭养殖生态综述

斑鸭 ( Anas fulvigula ) 是北美墨西哥湾沿岸的特有种，它们的分布范围从阿拉巴马州一直延伸到墨西哥的马德雷湖，在佛罗里达半岛有独特的种群，在南卡罗来纳州引入种群。作为北美为数不多的非迁徙鸭类之一，斑鸭在整个年度周期中依赖于各种当地可用的栖息地，对这些景观的威胁可能比迁徙物种更严重地影响斑鸭。年度种群监测显示，自 2008 年以来德克萨斯州和路易斯安那州的斑驳鸭种群数量下降，佛罗里达种群的遗传完整性因大量野鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）的存在而变得混乱) 导致杂交。与其他密切相关的涉水鸭类似，斑鸭种群受招募和繁殖季节存活率的影响，因此这些因素的变化可能会导致种群下降。因此，自 1950 年代以来，研究人员一直试图解决斑鸭繁殖季节生态和种群动态的各个方面。我们通过使用 Google Scholar 搜索关键术语组合对此主题进行了文献综述，包括斑驳鸭、筑巢生态、栖息地利用、繁殖发生率、筑巢成功率、育雏和繁殖季节存活率，并跟踪引文树以最终汇总信息来自近 50 篇关于斑鸭繁殖生态学的出版物。我们的审查得出结论，斑鸭使用半咸水和中等沿海沼泽，包括管理蓄水池，和繁殖季节的农业用地。它们的巢穴可以在牧场、堤坝、干草沼泽、割草沼泽、弃土堤岸和小岛上找到。筑巢倾向和筑巢成功率的估计通常低于其他以稳定或增加种群为特征的水禽物种。育雏使用由开放水域与淹没和挺水植被混合组成的湿地。佛罗里达州种群的繁殖季节存活率高于墨西哥湾沿岸西部种群，但两个地区的成体存活率与其他涉水鸭物种相当（或高于）。对斑鸭的繁殖栖息地利用、繁殖季节生存、筑巢地点选择和成功进行了广泛的研究，但缺乏关于筑巢倾向、重新筑巢强度和孵化后生态的信息。