Advances in the field of cancer biology and molecular techniques have led to a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings driving cancer development and outcomes. Simultaneously, advances in imaging have allowed for improved sensitivity in initial staging, radiotherapy planning and follow-up of numerous cancers. These two phenomena have led to the development of biomarkers that can guide therapy in multiple malignancies. In bladder cancer, there is extensive ongoing research into the identification of biomarkers that can help tailor personalised approaches for treatment based on the intrinsic tumour biology. However, the delivery of bladder cancer radiotherapy as part of trimodality therapy currently has a paucity of biomarkers to guide treatment. Here we summarise the existing literature and ongoing investigations into potential predictive and prognostic molecular and imaging biomarkers that may one day guide selection for utilisation of radiotherapy as part of trimodality therapy, guide selection of the radiosensitising agent, guide radiation dose and target, and guide surveillance for recurrence after trimodality therapy.

癌症生物学和分子技术领域的进步使人们对驱动癌症发展和结果的分子基础有了更好的了解。同时，成像技术的进步提高了初始分期、放射治疗计划和多种癌症随访的敏感性。这两种现象导致了可以指导多种恶性肿瘤治疗的生物标志物的发展。在膀胱癌中，正在对生物标志物的鉴定进行广泛的研究，这些生物标志物可以帮助根据内在的肿瘤生物学定制个性化的治疗方法。然而，膀胱癌放疗作为三联疗法的一部分，目前缺乏用于指导治疗的生物标志物。