The current design requirement of cutaneous wound healing is an ideal wound dressing via biodegradable property through which fibroblasts can support, migrate and proliferate. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the synthesized hybrid scaffold based on chitosan polymer and a natural source of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D on wound healing. To achieve this purpose, three scaffolds include in chitosan (CS), eggshell + chitosan (ES/CS) and chitosan + eggshell + vitamin D (CS/ES/Vit D) were fabricated using the freeze-drying approach. Synthesized scaffolds were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and MTT assay. Histological examinations of the wound healing were performed using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining methods on different days in the rat full-thickness skin wound model. Finally, the effect of the synthesized scaffold was evaluated on the TGF-β1 gene expression. The results of the scaffold characterization showed that scaffolds have the homogeneity structure. The MTT assay indicated that the cultured fibroblasts on the ES/CS and Vit D/ES/CS scaffold had viability higher than those cultured on CS. Also, histological studies demonstrated an increased effect on epithelialization and collagen production and accelerated wound healing using designed scaffolds. The TGF-β1 gene expression in all scaffolds was not significantly different between test groups and controls. In general, it can be concluded that the synthesized scaffolds have the potential to accelerate wound healing and can be used as a suitable scaffold in wound management and skin regeneration.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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用于改善伤口修复过程的新型混合支架：壳聚糖/卵壳/维生素D组合支架对伤口愈合的评估

当前皮肤伤口愈合的设计要求是一种理想的伤口敷料，其具有可生物降解的特性，成纤维细胞可以通过该特性来支持，迁移和增殖。这项研究旨在评估基于壳聚糖聚合物和钙（Ca）和维生素D天然来源的合成杂种支架对伤口愈合的影响。为了达到这个目的，使用冷冻干燥方法制备了壳聚糖（CS），蛋壳+壳聚糖（ES / CS）和壳聚糖+蛋壳+维生素D（CS / ES / Vit D）中的三种支架。合成的支架通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM），傅立叶变换红外（FTIR），X射线衍射（XRD）和MTT分析表征。使用苏木精-曙红（H＆E）和Masson'对伤口愈合进行组织学检查 s三色染色法在不同天数的大鼠全层皮肤创面模型中。最后，评估了合成支架对TGF-β1基因表达的影响。支架表征结果表明支架具有均质结构。MTT分析表明，在ES / CS和Vit D / ES / CS支架上培养的成纤维细胞比在CS上培养的成纤维细胞具有更高的生存力。此外，组织学研究表明，使用设计的支架对上皮形成和胶原蛋白产生增加的影响，并加速伤口愈合。在所有支架中，TGF-β1基因表达在测试组和对照组之间没有显着差异。一般来说，

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