Over millennia, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms have shaped macroecological patterns across the tree of life. Research describing these patterns at both regional and global scales has traditionally focused on the study of metazoan species. Consequently, there is a limited understanding of cross-phylum biogeographic structuring and an escalating need to understand the macroecology of both microscopic and macroscopic organisms. Here we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to explore the biodiversity of marine metazoans, protists and bacteria along an extensive and highly heterogeneous coastline. Our results showed remarkably consistent biogeographic structure across the kingdoms of life despite billions of years of evolution. Analyses investigating the drivers of these patterns for each taxonomic kingdom found that environmental conditions (such as temperature) and, to a lesser extent, anthropogenic stressors (such as fishing pressure and pollution) explained some of the observed variation. Additionally, metazoans displayed biogeographic patterns that suggested regional biotic homogenization. Against the backdrop of global pervasive anthropogenic environmental change, our work highlights the importance of considering multiple domains of life to understand the maintenance and drivers of biodiversity patterns across broad taxonomic, ecological and geographical scales.

几千年来，生态和进化机制塑造了整个生命之树的宏观生态模式。在区域和全球范围内描述这些模式的研究传统上集中在后生动物物种的研究上。因此，对跨门生物地理结构的理解有限，并且对了解微观和宏观生物体的宏观生态学的需求不断升级。在这里，我们使用环境 DNA (eDNA) 元条形码来探索海洋后生动物、原生生物和细菌在广阔且高度异质的海岸线上的生物多样性。我们的研究结果表明，尽管经历了数十亿年的进化，但生命王国的生物地理结构非常一致。对每个分类界的这些模式驱动因素的分析发现，环境条件（如温度）以及在较小程度上的人为压力源（如捕鱼压力和污染）解释了一些观察到的变化。此外，后生动物表现出表明区域生物同质化的生物地理模式。在全球普遍的人为环境变化的背景下，我们的工作强调了考虑多个生命领域以了解在广泛的分类、生态和地理范围内生物多样性模式的维护和驱动因素的重要性。后生动物表现出表明区域生物同质化的生物地理模式。在全球普遍的人为环境变化的背景下，我们的工作强调了考虑多个生命领域以了解在广泛的分类、生态和地理范围内生物多样性模式的维护和驱动因素的重要性。后生动物表现出表明区域生物同质化的生物地理模式。在全球普遍的人为环境变化的背景下，我们的工作强调了考虑多个生命领域以了解在广泛的分类、生态和地理范围内生物多样性模式的维护和驱动因素的重要性。