Objective Despite being the most common postoperative complication and having associated morbidity and mortality that increase health care costs, surgical site infection (SSI) has not received adequate attention and deserves further study. Previous reports in children were limited to SSI in certain populations. We conducted this retrospective case–control study to determine the incidence and possible risk factors for SSI following pediatric general surgical procedures.

Methods This was a retrospective case–control matched cohort study of all patients aged 0 to 14 years who underwent pediatric general surgical procedures between June 2015 and July 2018. The electronic medical records were searched for a diagnosis of SSI. Control subjects were randomly selected at a 4:1 ratio from patients who underwent identical procedures. Multiple risk factors were evaluated by bivariate analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression.

Results A total of 1,520 patients underwent a general pediatric procedure during the study period, and of these, 47 (3.09%) developed SSIs. A bivariate analysis showed that patients with SSIs were younger, were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit/pediatric intensive care unit (NICU/PICU) preoperatively, were more severely ill as measured by the ASA classification, underwent multiple procedures, had more surgical complications, and were transferred to the NICU/PICU postoperatively. A multivariate analysis identified four independent predictors of SSI: age, preoperative NICU/PICU admission, number of procedures, and ASA classification.

Conclusion Younger children with preoperative admission to the NICU/PICU, those who underwent multiple procedures and those who were severely ill as measured by their ASA classification were significantly more likely to develop SSIs.

目的 尽管是最常见的术后并发症，并伴随着发病率和死亡率的增加，增加了医疗保健成本，但手术部位感染（SSI）仍未引起足够的重视，值得进一步研究。先前关于儿童的报道在某些人群中仅限于SSI。我们进行了这项回顾性病例对照研究，以确定儿科一般外科手术后SSI的发生率和可能的危险因素。

方法 这是一项回顾性病例对照队列研究，研究对象为所有2015年6月至2018年7月间接受小儿普外科手术的0至14岁患者。对电子病历进行搜索以诊断SSI。从接受相同手术的患者中以4：1的比例随机选择对照组。通过双变量分析和多变量条件对数回归评估了多个危险因素。

结果 在研究期间，共有1,520例患者接受了一般的儿科手术，其中47例（3.09％）发生了SSI。双因素分析表明，SSI患者较年轻，术前入院新生儿重症监护室/儿科重症监护室（NICU / PICU），按ASA分类衡量病情更重，接受了多次手术，手术并发症更多，并在术后转移至NICU / PICU。多元分析确定了SSI的四个独立预测因子：年龄，术前NICU / PICU入院，手术次数和ASA分类。

结论 术前接受新生儿重症监护病房/ PICU的儿童，接受多次手术的儿童以及根据ASA分类进行评估的重症患者明显更有可能发展为SSI。