Evidence is widespread of declining religiosity measures in many countries, including some outside of Europe. Is this a transition toward secularity among general populations, or instead a change in the nature of individual spiritualities? This question is addressed by this study with International Social Survey Programme data spanning 27 years (1991–2018) and 46 nations. Many measures of religiosity and belief are found to be declining in most countries, supporting secular transition theory. Identifying as spiritual but not religious remains a minority phenomenon in areas with low levels of religiosity, but an important phenomenon nonetheless that has seen some growth. We argue here that there is a way forward in these data to understand secular transition and individual spiritualization theories as complementary, not conflicting.

中文翻译：

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衰落或变化的故事？致力于对世俗过渡和个人精神化理论的补充理解

许多国家（包括欧洲以外的一些国家）的宗教信仰措施下降的证据很普遍。这是普通人群向世俗化的转变，还是个体灵性本质的变化？本研究使用跨越 27 年（1991-2018 年）和 46 个国家的国际社会调查计划数据解决了这个问题。在大多数国家，宗教信仰的许多衡量标准都在下降，这支持了世俗转型理论。在宗教信仰水平较低的地区，认同为精神而非宗教的现象仍然是少数现象，但尽管如此，这一重要现象已经有所增长。我们在这里认为，在这些数据中，有一种方法可以将世俗过渡和个人精神化理论理解为互补而非冲突。