The underpinning problems of deep-water facies still remain unresolved. (1) The Tb, Tc, and Td divisions of the turbidite facies model, with traction structures, are an integral part of the “Bouma Sequence” (Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, Te). However, deposits of thermohaline contour currents, wind-driven bottom currents, deep-marine tidal currents, and baroclinic currents (internal waves and tides) also develop discrete rippled units, mimicking Tc. (2) The application of “cut-out” logic of sequences, which was originally introduced for the “Bouma Sequence”, with sharp basal contacts and sandy divisions containing well-developed traction structures, to muddy contorts with gradational basal contacts and an absence of well-developed traction structures is incongruent. (3) The presence of five internal divisions and hiatus in the muddy contoured facies model is in dispute. (4) Intersection of along slope contour currents with down slope sediment-gravity flows, triggering hybrid flows, also develops traction structures. (5) The comparison of genuine hybrid flows with down slope flow transformation of gravity flows is inconsistent with etymology of the term “hybrid”. (6) A reexamination of the Annot Sandstone at the Peira Cava type locality in SE France fails to validate either the orthodoxy of five internal divisions of the “Bouma Sequence” or their origin by turbidity currents. For example, the “Ta” division is composed of amalgamated units with inverse grading and floating mudstone clasts, suggesting a mass-transport deposit (MTD). The “Tb” and “Tc” divisions are composed of double mud layers and sigmoidal cross bedding, respectively, which suggest a tidalite origin. (7) Although it was reasonable to introduce a simplistic “Bouma Sequence” in 1962, at a time of limited knowledge on deep-water processes, it is obsolete now in 2021 to apply this model to the rock record amid a wealth of new knowledge. (8) The disconnect between 12 observed, but questionable, modern turbidity currents and over 10,000 interpreted ancient turbidites defies the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This disconnect is attributed to routine application of genetic facies models, without a pragmatic interpretation of empirical data. (9) A suggested solution to these problems is to interpret traction structures in the sedimentary record pragmatically on the basis of empirical field and experimental evidence, without any built-in bias using facies models, such as the “Bouma Sequence”. (10) Until reliable criteria are developed to distinguish traction structures of each type of bottom currents based on uniformitarianism, a general term “BCRS” (i.e., bottom-current reworked sands) is appropriate for deposits of all four kinds of bottom currents.

中文翻译：

---

浊积云母-辉铁矿-辉绿岩-斜方晶石-杂岩体问题：正统论与“ Bouma序列”背后的经验证据

深水相的基础问题仍然没有解决。（1）具有牵引结构的浊积岩相模型的Tb，Tc和Td分区是“ Bouma序列”（Ta，Tb，Tc，Td，Te）的组成部分。但是，盐卤等高线电流，风力驱动的底流，深海潮汐流和斜压电流（内波和潮汐）的沉积物也形成了离散的波纹状单位，与Tc相似。（2）最初是为“ Bouma序列”引入的“切出”序列逻辑，具有尖锐的基础接触和包含发达牵引结构的沙质分隔，适用于具有渐变基础接触且没有缺失的泥泞扭曲发达的牵引结构是不一致的。（3）在泥状轮廓相模型中存在五个内部划分和裂隙是有争议的。（4）沿斜坡轮廓流与下坡沉积物-重力流的相交，触发混合流，也形成了牵引结构。（5）真正的混合流与重力流的下坡流转换的比较与“混合”一词的词源不一致。（6）在法国东南部的Peira Cava型地区对Annot砂岩进行的重新检验，无法通过浊流验证“ Bouma序列”的五个内部划分的正统性或它们的起源。例如，“ Ta”分区由具有反梯度和漂浮的泥岩碎屑的合并单元组成，表明存在大量的矿床（MTD）。“ Tb”和“ Tc”部分分别由双层泥层和S形交叉层理组成，这暗示了辉绿岩的起源。（7）尽管在1962年引入一个简单的“ Bouma序列”是合理的，但是在对深水过程的了解有限的时候，由于大量新知识的应用，现在在2021年将这种模型应用于岩石记录已经过时了。（8）观察到的12个可疑但现代的浊度流与10,000多个古老的浊度之间的脱节无视了均势主义的学说。这种脱节归因于遗传相模型的常规应用，而没有对实证数据进行务实的解释。（9）针对这些问题的建议解决方案是，根据经验场和实验证据，以务实的方式解释沉积记录中的牵引结构，使用相模型（例如“ Bouma序列”）没有任何内在的偏见。（10）在建立可靠的标准以基于均等主义来区分每种类型的底流的牵引结构之前，总称“ BCRS”（即底流重整砂）适用于所有四种底流的沉积物。