Bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite (also called “beef”) occur in many sedimentary basins, especially those containing low-permeability strata with organic source material for petroleum. The formation of such veins is commonly linked with fluid overpressure in these source rocks. In this review, we demonstrate that beef veins are most commonly present in foreland basins worldwide or in basins that recorded a compressive tectonic period. The formation of beef veins is related to two main phases: (1) the initiation of bedding-parallel fracture and (2) the infilling of the fracture.Previous structural studies have shown that formation of beef veins occurred during a period of compressive stress activity. This is especially the case for the Wessex Basin (United Kingdom) and the Neuquén Basin (Argentina). In this paper, we provide more observations for other basins: the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia), the Paris Basin (France), the northern Pyrenees (France), the Uinta Basin (United States), the Tian Shan Mountains (central Asia), and the Appalachian Mountains (United States). In the Paris Basin, beef vein formation is dated at 155 Ma (U/Pb calcite method) and is coeval with the compressional deformation in the eastern part of the basin.Because of the timing of generation for such veins and even if the theory and the experiments of fracturing demonstrate that bedding-parallel fractures can be generated only with a distributed fluid overpressure, the formation of beef veins seems to be a consequence of both fluid overpressures and a compressional tectonic stress.

中文翻译：

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前陆盆地的烃源岩：天然水力压裂发展的优先背景

方解石纤维（也称为“牛肉”）的平行床脉出现在许多沉积盆地中，尤其是那些那些具有低渗透性地层和石油作为有机原料的盆地。这些矿脉的形成通常与这些烃源岩中的流体超压有关。在这篇综述中，我们证明了牛肉脉最常见于全世界的前陆盆地或记录有压缩构造时期的盆地。牛肉脉的形成与两个主要阶段有关：（1）平行顺层破裂的发生和（2）裂缝的填充。以前的结构研究表明，牛肉脉的形成发生在压应力活动期间。韦塞克斯盆地（英国）和内乌肯盆地（阿根廷）尤其如此。在本文中，我们提供了其他盆地的更多观测结果：东方山脉（哥伦比亚），巴黎盆地（法国），北比利牛斯山脉（法国），Uinta盆地（美国），天山山脉（中亚）和阿巴拉契亚山脉（美国）。在巴黎盆地，牛肉脉的形成可以追溯到155 Ma（U / Pb方解石法），并且与盆地东部的压缩变形同时发生。压裂实验表明，只有在分布的流体超压作用下才能产生顺层平行裂缝，牛肉脉的形成似乎是流体超压作用和构造应力作用的结果。北比利牛斯山脉（法国），Uinta盆地（美国），天山山脉（中亚）和阿巴拉契亚山脉（美国）。在巴黎盆地，牛肉脉的形成可以追溯到155 Ma（U / Pb方解石法），并且与盆地东部的压缩变形同时发生。压裂实验表明，只有在分布的流体超压作用下才能产生顺层平行裂缝，牛肉脉的形成似乎是流体超压作用和构造应力作用的结果。北比利牛斯山脉（法国），Uinta盆地（美国），天山山脉（中亚）和阿巴拉契亚山脉（美国）。在巴黎盆地，牛肉脉的形成可以追溯到155 Ma（U / Pb方解石法），并且与盆地东部的压缩变形同时发生。压裂实验表明，只有在分布的流体超压作用下才能产生顺层平行裂缝，牛肉脉的形成似乎是流体超压作用和构造应力作用的结果。