Introduction

Studies examining why heteronormative beliefs shape the coming out process of sexual minority men are still scarce. This study aimed to examine whether heteronormative beliefs result in more internalized homonegativity and more sexual identity stigma. We also compared socio-cultural contexts—Portugal and Turkey—with distinct social policies toward sexual minority people. Lastly, we explored the correlates of coming out to friends and family members.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with 562 sexual minority men (93.4% cisgender; M_age = 26.69, SD = 9.59) from Portugal and Turkey was conducted between March and July 2019.

Results

Heteronormative beliefs were associated with increased internalized homonegativity and, in turn, with increased sexual identity stigma (identity stigma and social discomfort). This mediation was moderated by country, such that conditional direct effects were stronger among Turkish sexual minority men. Conditional indirect effects, however, were stronger among Portuguese sexual minority men. Furthermore, less internalized homonegativity and less social discomfort were associated with coming out to friends and family members in different ways.

Conclusions

This study contributed to the understanding of sexual identity development and acceptance among sexual minority men in two distinct socio-cultural contexts. Findings showed that the internalization of heteronormative beliefs was associated with identity stigma and highlighted the role of socialization in these processes.

Policy Implications

For people working with sexual minority men from diverse socio-cultural contexts, our findings can offer new insights on how to offer the best help in the coming out process of these sexual minority men.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄牙和土耳其少数族裔男子走出来的过程中的异性信仰和内在同化

介绍

关于异性规范信仰为何会影响少数族裔男性出世过程的研究仍然很少。这项研究旨在检验异规范的信念是否会导致更多的内部同性否定性和更多的性认同污名。我们还将葡萄牙和土耳其等社会文化背景与针对性少数群体的独特社会政策进行了比较。最后，我们探讨了与朋友和家人见面的相关性。

方法

与562名性少数男性（93.4％顺性别; A横断面研究中号_年龄 = 26.69，SD  = 9.59），葡萄牙和土耳其三月和七月至2019年期间进行的。

结果

异性恋信仰与内部同性化程度的提高有关，进而与性身份的污名（身份的污名和社会不适）增加有关。这种调解是由国家主持的，因此有条件的直接影响在土耳其性少数男性中更强。但是，有条件的间接影响在葡萄牙性少数男性中更为明显。此外，更少的内在同性化和更少的社交不适与以不同方式向朋友和家人传唤有关。

结论

这项研究有助于在两种截然不同的社会文化背景下了解性少数群体对性认同的发展和接受程度。研究结果表明，异性规范信仰的内在化与身份污名有关，并突显了社会化在这些过程中的作用。

政策含义

对于与来自不同社会文化背景的性少数族裔男人一起工作的人们，我们的发现可以为如何在这些性少数族裔男人的出世过程中提供最佳帮助提供新的见解。