Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) include a wide range of pathological conditions related to intra and extracranial vessel abnormalities. Although some VMs show typical neuroimaging features, other VMs share and overlap pathological and neuroimaging features that hinder an accurate differentiation between them. Hence, it is not uncommon to misclassify different types of VMs under the general heading of arteriovenous malformations. Thorough knowledge of the imaging findings of each type of VM is mandatory to avoid these inaccuracies. Conventional MRI sequences, including MR angiography, have allowed the evaluation of CNS VMs without using ionizing radiation. Newer MRI techniques, such as susceptibility‐weighted imaging, black blood sequences, arterial spin labeling, and 4D flow imaging, have an added value of providing physiopathological data in real time regarding the hemodynamics of VMs. Beyond MR images, new insights using 3D printed models are being incorporated as part of the armamentarium for a noninvasive evaluation of VMs. In this paper, we briefly review the pathophysiology of CNS VMs, focusing on the MRI findings that may be helpful to differentiate them. We discuss the role of each conventional and advanced MRI sequence for VMs assessment and provide some insights about the value of structured reports of 3D printing to evaluate VMs.

中文翻译：

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常规和高级MRI对脑血管畸形的评估

中枢神经系统（CNS）的血管畸形（VMs）包括与颅内和颅外血管异常有关的多种病理状况。尽管某些VM表现出典型的神经影像学特征，但其他VM共享并重叠病理和神经影像学特征，从而妨碍了它们之间的准确区分。因此，在动静脉畸形的一般标题下将不同类型的VM误分类是很常见的。必须全面了解每种类型的VM的影像学发现，才能避免这些不准确性。包括MR血管造影在内的常规MRI序列无需使用电离辐射即可评估CNS VM。较新的MRI技术，例如磁化加权成像，黑血序列，动脉旋转标记和4D流成像，具有实时提供有关VM血液动力学的生理病理数据的附加价值。除MR图像外，使用3D打印模型的新见解也被纳入了军备库中，用于对VM进行无创评估。在本文中，我们简要回顾了CNS VM的病理生理，重点是MRI发现，可能有助于区分它们。我们讨论了每个常规和高级MRI序列在VM评估中的作用，并提供了有关3D打印结构化报告对VM评估的价值的一些见解。重点关注可能有助于区分它们的MRI检查结果。我们讨论了每个常规和高级MRI序列在VM评估中的作用，并提供了有关3D打印结构化报告对VM评估的价值的一些见解。重点关注可能有助于区分它们的MRI检查结果。我们讨论了每个常规和高级MRI序列在VM评估中的作用，并提供了有关3D打印结构化报告对VM评估的价值的一些见解。