The disjunctive distribution (Europe–Caucasus–Asia) and species diversification across Eurasia for the genus Allium sect. Daghestanica has fascinating attractions for researchers aiming to understanding the development and history of modern Eurasia flora. However, no any studies have been carried out to address the evolutionary history of this section. Based on the nrITS and cpDNA fragments (trnL–trnF and rpl32–trnL), the evolutionary history of the third evolutionary line (EL3) of the genus Allium was reconstructed and we further elucidated the evolutionary line of sect. Daghestanica under this background. Our molecular phylogeny recovered two highly supported clades in sect. Daghestanica: the Clade I includes Caucasian–European species and Asian A. maowenense, A. xinlongense and A. carolinianum collected in Qinghai; the Clade II comprises Asian yellowish tepal species, A. chrysanthum, A. chrysocephalum, A. herderianum, A. rude and A. xichuanense. The divergence time estimation and biogeography inference indicated that Asian ancestor located in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the adjacent region could have migrated to Caucasus and Europe distributions around the Late Miocene and resulted in further divergence and speciation; Asian ancestor underwent the rapid radiation in the QTP and the adjacent region most likely due to the heterogeneous ecology of the QTP resulted from the orogeneses around 4–3 million years ago (Mya). Our study provides a picture to understand the origin and species diversification across Eurasia for sect. Daghestanica.

中文翻译：

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葱属（石蒜科）脱离青藏高原及快速辐射欧亚大陆

葱属的分离分布（欧洲-高加索-亚洲）和整个欧亚大陆的物种多样化。Daghestanica 对旨在了解现代欧亚植物群的发展和历史的研究人员来说具有迷人的吸引力。然而，尚未进行任何研究来解决该部分的进化历史。基于nrITS和cpDNA片段（trnL-trnF和rpl32-trnL），我们重建了葱属第三进化系（EL3）的进化史，进一步阐明了葱属的进化系。在此背景下的达吉斯坦尼卡。我们的分子系统发育恢复了两个高度支持的进化枝。Daghestanica：第一类包括高加索-欧洲种和青海采集的亚洲A. maowenense、A. xinlongense和A. carolinianum；Clade II 包括亚洲淡黄色花被片物种、A. chrysanthum、A. chrysocephalum、A. herderianum、A. rude 和 A. xichuanense。分歧时间估计和生物地理学推断表明，位于青藏高原（QTP）及邻近地区的亚洲祖先可能在晚中新世前后迁移到高加索和欧洲分布，导致进一步的分歧和物种形成；亚洲祖先在青藏高原及其邻近地区经历了快速辐射，这很可能是由于大约4-3百万年前的造山运动导致青藏高原的异质生态（Mya）。我们的研究提供了一张图片，以了解整个欧亚大陆的起源和物种多样化。达吉斯坦尼卡。分歧时间估计和生物地理学推断表明，位于青藏高原（QTP）及邻近地区的亚洲祖先可能在晚中新世前后迁移到高加索和欧洲分布，导致进一步的分歧和物种形成；亚洲祖先在青藏高原及其邻近地区经历了快速辐射，这很可能是由于大约4-3百万年前的造山运动导致青藏高原的异质生态（Mya）。我们的研究提供了一张图片，以了解整个欧亚大陆的起源和物种多样化。达吉斯坦尼卡。分歧时间估计和生物地理学推断表明，位于青藏高原（QTP）及邻近地区的亚洲祖先可能在晚中新世前后迁移到高加索和欧洲分布，导致进一步的分歧和物种形成；亚洲祖先在青藏高原和邻近地区经历了快速辐射，这很可能是由于大约4-3百万年前的造山运动导致青藏高原的异质生态（Mya）。我们的研究提供了一张图片，以了解整个欧亚大陆的起源和物种多样化。达吉斯坦尼卡。