Seasonal modulation of the M₂ tide has been quantified for the entire Arctic Ocean and connected regional seas, using tidal harmonic analysis of water levels derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar altimetry. Results are compared to numerical simulations that model the effect of two limiting cases of seasonal landfast ice cover on the M₂ tide. The largest seasonal modulation (up to 0.25 m) is observed along coastlines and in bays. Locally, the presence of landfast ice decreases amplitudes, but in some cases, the opposite effect was observed further afield. In most of the Arctic, winter months experience a later arrival of the tide, except for Hudson Bay where phase advance is observed. Most of the altimeter‐derived seasonal modulation could be explained by the modeled impact of landfast ice. However, particularly in the Hudson Bay system there is a discrepancy between model‐ and altimeter‐derived seasonal modulation. This suggests that other seasonal processes are important. Finally, results suggest that the consequences of variations in Arctic landfast ice are not restricted to the Arctic, but affect tidal water levels on a global scale.

中文翻译：

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北极陆冰对M2潮汐的季节性调节的影响

使用合成孔径雷达测高仪得出的水位潮汐谐波分析，已经对整个北冰洋和相关区域海的M ₂潮汐的季节性调制进行了量化。将结果与数值模拟进行比较，该数值模拟模拟了两个季节性陆地快速冰盖的极限情况对M _2的影响浪潮。在海岸线和海湾地区观察到最大的季节性调制（最大0.25 m）。在本地，陆冰的存在降低了振幅，但在某些情况下，在更远的地方观察到相反的影响。在大多数北极地区，冬季冬季潮汐较晚到达，但哈德逊湾除外，那里观测到相位提前。大部分由高度计得出的季节性调制可以通过陆冰的模拟影响来解释。但是，特别是在哈德逊湾系统中，模型和高度计衍生的季节性调制之间存在差异。这表明其他季节性过程也很重要。最后，结果表明，北极陆地冰的变化所产生的后果不仅限于北极，而且在全球范围内都会影响潮汐水位。