The pathogenesis of the human demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) involves the loss of immune tolerance to self-neuroantigens. A deterioration in immune tolerance is linked to inherent immune ageing, or immunosenescence (ISC). Previous work by the author has confirmed the presence of ISC during MS. Moreover, evidence verified a prematurely aged immune system that may change the frequency and profile of MS through an altered decline in immune tolerance. Immune ageing is closely linked to a chronic systemic sub-optimal inflammation, termed inflammageing (IFA), which disrupts the efficiency of immune tolerance by varying the dynamics of ISC that includes accelerated changes to the immune system over time. Therefore, a shifting deterioration in immunological tolerance may evolve during MS through adversely-scheduled effects of IFA on ISC. However, there is, to date, no collective proof of ongoing IFA during MS. The Review addresses the constraint and provides a systematic critique of compelling evidence, through appraisal of IFA-related biomarker studies, to support the occurrence of a sub-optimal inflammation during MS. The findings justify further work to unequivocally demonstrate IFA in MS and provide additional insight into the complex pathology and developing epidemiology of the disease.

中文翻译：

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对慢性次优炎症公认的全身炎症生物标志物的评估为多发性硬化症 (MS) 期间的炎症 (IFA) 提供了证据

人类脱髓鞘疾病多发性硬化症（MS）的发病机制涉及对自身神经抗原的免疫耐受性丧失。免疫耐受性的恶化与固有免疫衰老或免疫衰老（ISC）有关。作者之前的工作已经证实了 MS 期间 ISC 的存在。此外，有证据证实过早老化的免疫系统可能通过改变免疫耐受性的下降来改变多发性硬化症的频率和概况。免疫衰老与慢性全身性次优炎症密切相关，称为炎症 (IFA)，它通过改变 ISC 的动态（包括随着时间的推移免疫系统的加速变化）来破坏免疫耐受的效率。因此，在 MS 期间，IFA 对 ISC 的不利影响可能导致免疫耐受性不断恶化。然而，迄今为止，尚无集体证据表明 MS 期间正在进行 IFA。该综述解决了这一限制，并通过评估 IFA 相关生物标志物研究，对令人信服的证据进行了系统的批评，以支持 MS 期间发生次优炎症的情况。这些发现证明了进一步工作的合理性，以明确证明 IFA 在 MS 中的作用，并为该疾病的复杂病理学和流行病学发展提供更多见解。