Abstract

Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory condition characterized by the disruption of the periodontal ligament and subsequent formation of periodontal pockets, and by alveolar bone loss, often resulting in tooth loss. A myriad of factors, namely, genetic, metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory, is associated with progression of periodontitis. Periodontitis is also associated with systemic conditions such as neoplastic disorders, obesity, and diabetes. The current diagnosis of this disease relies on clinical measurements such as clinical attachment loss and probing depth, which have poor precision due to patient, operator and probe-related factors. Thus, there is a need to develop reliable, objective, and reproducible biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontitis. In this regard, saliva, with contributions from the gingival crevicular fluid, holds great potential. However, most of the information on biomarkers of periodontium-related salivary proteins has come from studies on the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis. In periodontitis, a more holistic approach, such as the use of -omics technologies, for biomarker discovery, is needed. Herein, we review the biomarkers proposed to date for the assessment of periodontitis, with emphasis on the role of salivary peptides in periodontitis and their assessment by high-throughput saliva proteomics. We also discuss the challenges pertaining to the identification of new periodontitis biomarkers in saliva.

摘要

牙周炎是一种复杂的免疫炎症性疾病，其特征是牙周韧带断裂并随后形成牙周袋，以及牙槽骨丢失，通常会导致牙齿脱落。无数因素，即遗传、代谢、免疫和炎症，都与牙周炎的进展有关。牙周炎还与全身性疾病有关，例如肿瘤性疾病、肥胖症和糖尿病。目前对该病的诊断依赖于临床测量，如临床附着损失和探查深度，由于患者、操作者和探头相关因素，其精度较差。因此，需要开发可靠、客观和可重复的生物标志物用于牙周炎的早期诊断。对此，唾液、随着龈沟液的贡献，具有巨大的潜力。然而，大多数关于牙周相关唾液蛋白生物标志物的信息来自对牙周炎分子发病机制的研究。在牙周炎中，需要更全面的方法，例如使用组学技术来发现生物标志物。在此，我们回顾了迄今为止用于评估牙周炎的生物标志物，重点是唾液肽在牙周炎中的作用及其通过高通量唾液蛋白质组学的评估。我们还讨论了与识别唾液中新的牙周炎生物标志物有关的挑战。在牙周炎中，需要更全面的方法，例如使用组学技术来发现生物标志物。在此，我们回顾了迄今为止用于评估牙周炎的生物标志物，重点是唾液肽在牙周炎中的作用及其通过高通量唾液蛋白质组学的评估。我们还讨论了与识别唾液中新的牙周炎生物标志物有关的挑战。在牙周炎中，需要更全面的方法，例如使用组学技术来发现生物标志物。在此，我们回顾了迄今为止用于评估牙周炎的生物标志物，重点是唾液肽在牙周炎中的作用及其通过高通量唾液蛋白质组学的评估。我们还讨论了与识别唾液中新的牙周炎生物标志物有关的挑战。