Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a modality of treatment in which patients inhale 100% oxygen inside a hyperbaric chamber pressurised to greater than 1 atmosphere. The aim of this review is to discuss neuropsychological findings in various neurological disorders treated with HBOT and to open new perspectives for therapeutic improvement. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) database from the inception up 10 May 2020. Eligibility criteria included original articles published in English. Case studies were excluded. Full-text articles were obtained from the selected studies and were reviewed on the following inclusion criteria (1) performed cognitive processes assessment (2) performed HBOT with described protocol. Two neuropsychologists independently reviewed titles, abstracts, full texts and extracted data. The initial search retrieved 1024 articles, and a total of 42 studies were finally included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search yielded controversial results with regard to the efficiency of HBOT in various neurological conditions with cognitive disturbance outcome. To the best of our knowledge this is the first state-of-the art, systematic review in the field. More objective and precise neuropsychological assessment methods are needed to exact evaluation of the efficacy of HBOT for neuropsychological deficits. Future studies should widen the assessment of HBOT effects on different cognitive domains because most of the existing studies have focussed on a single process. Finally, there is a need for further longitudinal studies.

高压氧治疗 (HBOT) 是一种治疗方式，患者在加压至 1 个大气压以上的高压舱内吸入 100% 的氧气。本综述的目的是讨论 HBOT 治疗的各种神经系统疾病的神经心理学发现，并为改善治疗开辟新的视角。从 MEDLINE（通过 PubMed）数据库自成立起至 2020 年 5 月 10 日进行了文献检索。资格标准包括以英文发表的原创文章。案例研究被排除在外。全文文章来自选定的研究，并根据以下纳入标准进行审查（1）进行认知过程评估（2）按照所描述的方案进行 HBOT。两名神经心理学家独立审查了标题、摘要、全文和提取的数据。初步检索检索到1024篇文章，应用纳入和排除标准后最终纳入42项研究。关于 HBOT 在具有认知障碍结果的各种神经系统疾病中的有效性，该搜索产生了有争议的结果。据我们所知，这是该领域第一个最先进的系统综述。需要更加客观、精确的神经心理学评估方法来准确评估HBOT对神经心理缺陷的疗效。未来的研究应该扩大 HBOT 对不同认知领域影响的评估，因为大多数现有研究都集中在单一过程上。最后，还需要进一步的纵向研究。