Climate change is expected to warm and acidify oceans and alter the phenology of phytoplankton, creating a mismatch between larvae and their food. Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) may allow marine species to acclimate to climate change; however, it is expected that this may come with elevated energetic demands. This study used the oysters, Saccostrea glomerata and Crassostrea gigas, to test the effects of adult parental exposure to elevated pCO2 and temperature on larvae during starvation and recovery. It was anticipated that beneficial effects of TGP will be limited when larvae oyster are starved. Transgenerational responses and lipid reserves of larvae were measured for 2 weeks. Larvae of C. gigas and S. glomerata from parents exposed to elevated pCO2 had greater survival when exposed to elevated CO2, but this differed between species and temperature. For S. glomerata, survival of larvae was greatest when the conditions experienced by larvae matched the condition of their parents. For C. gigas, survival of larvae was greater when parents and larvae were exposed to elevated pCO2. Larvae of both species used lipids when starved. The total lipid content was dependent on parental exposure and temperature. Against expectations, the beneficial TGP responses of larvae remained, despite starvation.

中文翻译：

---

饥饿后的牡蛎幼虫暴露于海洋酸化和变暖的环境中仍然有益

预计气候变化会使海洋变暖和酸化，并改变浮游植物的物候，造成幼虫与其食物之间的不匹配。跨代可塑性（TGP）可能使海洋物种适应气候变化；然而，预计这可能伴随着更高的能量需求。本研究使用牡蛎、Saccostrea glomerata 和 Crassostrea gigas，来测试成年父母在饥饿和恢复期间暴露于升高的 pCO2 和温度对幼虫的影响。预计当幼体牡蛎饥饿时，TGP 的有益效果将受到限制。测量幼虫的跨代反应和脂质储备2周。来自暴露于 pCO2 升高的亲本的 C. gigas 和 S.glomerata 的幼虫在暴露于升高的 CO2 时存活率更高，但这在物种和温度之间有所不同。对于 S.glomerata，当幼虫经历的条件与其父母的条件相匹配时，幼虫的存活率最高。对于 C. gigas，当亲本和幼虫暴露于升高的 pCO2 时，幼虫的存活率更高。这两个物种的幼虫在饥饿时都会使用脂质。总脂质含量取决于父母的暴露和温度。出乎意料的是，尽管饥饿，幼虫的有益 TGP 反应仍然存在。总脂质含量取决于父母的暴露和温度。出乎意料的是，尽管饥饿，幼虫的有益 TGP 反应仍然存在。总脂质含量取决于父母的暴露和温度。出乎意料的是，尽管饥饿，幼虫的有益 TGP 反应仍然存在。