Great efforts have been made to build integrated devices to enable future wearable electronics; however, safe, disposable, and cost-effective power sources still remain a challenge. In this paper, an all-solid-state power source was developed by using graphene materials and can be printed directly on an insulating substrate such as paper. The design of the power source was inspired by electric eels to produce programmable voltage and current by converting the chemical potential energy of the ion gradient to electric energy in the presence of moisture. An ultrahigh voltage of 192 V with 175 cells in series printed on a strip of paper was realized under ambient conditions. For the planar cell, the mathematical fractal design concept was adapted as printed patterns, improving the output power density to 2.5 mW cm⁻³, comparable to that of lithium thin-film batteries. A foldable three-dimensional (3D) cell was also achieved by employing an origami strategy, demonstrating a versatile design to provide green electric energy. Unlike typical batteries, this power source printed on flexible paper substrate does not require liquid electrolytes, hazardous components, or complicated fabrication processes and is highly customizable to meet the demands of wearable electronics and Internet of Things applications.

为构建未来可穿戴电子设备的集成设备做出了巨大努力；然而，安全、一次性和具有成本效益的电源仍然是一个挑战。本文利用石墨烯材料开发了一种全固态电源，可直接印刷在绝缘基材如纸上。电源的设计灵感来自电鳗，通过在存在水分的情况下将离子梯度的化学势能转换为电能，从而产生可编程电压和电流。在环境条件下实现了 192 V 的超高电压，175 个电池串联印刷在纸条上。对于平面电池，将数学分形设计概念改编为印刷图案，将输出功率密度提高到 2.5 mW cm ^-3，可与锂薄膜电池相媲美。还通过采用折纸策略实现了可折叠的三维（3D）电池，展示了提供绿色电能的多功能设计。与典型的电池不同，这种印刷在柔性纸基材上的电源不需要液体电解质、危险组件或复杂的制造工艺，并且高度可定制，以满足可穿戴电子产品和物联网应用的需求。