Abstract

This article is the first attempt to examine the dynamics of Hamas’s political discourse since the movement’s birth with relations to mobilization. Based on extensive primary sources and interviews with Hamas leaders in Gaza, the article identifies three key framing processes. First, at its inception, Hamas’s words and actions centered around the movement’s interpretation of Islam from 1987 to 1993. Second, during the Oslo period from 1993-2000, Hamas attempted to de-frame its religious discourse. Third, from 2000 to the present, Hamas has reframed its discourses around the more inclusive concept of muqawama or resistance. While Hamas was in office after 2006, Hamas’s notions of resistance, however, eschew a sole meaning and instead function as a floating signifier. Each of these framings are investigated by relation to changing socio-political realities. The article argues that Hamas is not necessarily becoming either less Islamic or more secular-nationalist. Rather, the employment of the discourses of muqawama – that is, as a non-religious and more inclusive term – is better suited to Hamas’s current mobilization needs, and the rearticulation of its evolving worldview, without jeopardizing its religious identity.

摘要

这篇文章是第一次尝试考察哈马斯自运动诞生以来政治话语的动态与动员的关系。基于广泛的原始资料和对加沙哈马斯领导人的采访，本文确定了三个关键的框架过程。首先，在其成立之初，哈马斯的言行都围绕着 1987 年至 1993 年该运动对伊斯兰教的解释。其次，在 1993 年至 2000 年的奥斯陆时期，哈马斯试图对其宗教话语进行去框架化。第三，从 2000 年到现在，哈马斯围绕更具包容性的 muqawama 或抵抗概念重新构建了其论述。虽然哈马斯在 2006 年之后上任，但哈马斯的抵抗概念却避开了单一含义，而是充当浮动能指。这些框架中的每一个都通过与不断变化的社会政治现实的关系进行研究。文章认为，哈马斯不一定会变得不那么伊斯兰化或变得更加世俗民族主义。相反，使用 muqawama 的话语——也就是说，作为一个非宗教性和更具包容性的术语——更适合哈马斯当前的动员需求，以及对其不断发展的世界观的重新表述，同时又不危及其宗教身份。