The aim of this study was to analyze the association between coaches’ experience and their perceptions on the implementation of a long-term athletic development (LTAD) model created in 2016 by the Portuguese Swimming Federation. Eighty-six swimming coaches were assembled in groups according to their experience level: “novice” (n = 24), “intermediate” (n = 26) and “experienced” (n = 36) and answered a questionnaire with the following items: (i) the awareness of the existing model; (ii) the acceptance; (iii) the usefulness; and (iv) the implementation of this model. Regardless of experience, ~67% of the coaches were aware of the model. Among those, a large number showed acceptance (~97%) and confidence in its usefulness (~83%) for their daily practice. Most coaches showed concerns about the fact that their peers do not respect the model frameworks, declaring the search for their swimmers’ immediate success (~58%) as the main cause for such behavior. Results also showed an association between experience and the knowledge about the model existence (χ2 (2) = 10.223, p < 0.01, V = 0.345), and experienced coaches exhibited better knowledge than their intermediate (χ2 (2) = 9.555, p < 0.01, V = 0.393) or novice (χ2 (2) = 5.926, p = 0.02, V = 0.314) counterparts. While there was an association between the coaches’ experience and the knowledge about the LTAD model existence, this situation seems not to influence the way coaches accept and understand the usefulness of the model for their daily practice.

中文翻译：

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教练在竞技游泳中实施长期运动发展模型的见解和经验

这项研究的目的是分析教练的经验和他们对实施葡萄牙游泳联合会于2016年创建的长期运动发展（LTAD）模型的看法之间的关联。八十六名游泳教练根据他们的经验水平分为小组：“新手”（n = 24），“中级”（n = 26）和“有经验”（n = 36）并回答了以下项目： （i）对现有模式的认识；（ii）接受；（iii）有用性；（iv）该模型的实施。无论经验如何，约67％的教练都知道这种模式。其中，许多人表示接受（〜97％），并对其使用的信心（〜83％）。大多数教练对同龄人不尊重模型框架这一事实表示担忧，宣布搜寻游泳者的即时成功（〜58％）是​​造成这种行为的主要原因。结果还表明，经验与关于模型存在的知识之间存在关联（χ2（2）= 10.223，p <0.01，V = 0.345），经验丰富的教练比中级教练具有更好的知识（χ2（2）= 9.555，p < 0.01，V = 0.393）或新手（χ2（2）= 5.926，p = 0.02，V = 0.314）。尽管教练的经验和关于LTAD模型存在的知识之间存在关联，但是这种情况似乎并不影响教练接受和理解该模型对他们日常练习的有效性的方式。结果还表明，经验与关于模型存在的知识之间存在关联（χ2（2）= 10.223，p <0.01，V = 0.345），经验丰富的教练比中级教练具有更好的知识（χ2（2）= 9.555，p < 0.01，V = 0.393）或新手（χ2（2）= 5.926，p = 0.02，V = 0.314）。尽管教练的经验和关于LTAD模型存在的知识之间存在关联，但是这种情况似乎并不影响教练接受和理解该模型对他们日常练习的有效性的方式。结果还表明，经验与关于模型存在的知识之间存在关联（χ2（2）= 10.223，p <0.01，V = 0.345），经验丰富的教练比中级教练具有更好的知识（χ2（2）= 9.555，p < 0.01，V = 0.393）或新手（χ2（2）= 5.926，p = 0.02，V = 0.314）。尽管教练的经验和关于LTAD模型存在的知识之间存在关联，但是这种情况似乎并不影响教练接受和理解该模型对他们日常练习的有效性的方式。