We report the aeolian changes observed in situ by NASA's InSight lander during the first 400 sols of operations: Granule creep, saltation, dust removal, and the formation of dark surface tracks. Aeolian changes are infrequent and sporadic. However, on sols, when they do occur, they consistently appear between noon to 3 p.m., and are associated with the passage of convective vortices during periods of high vortex activity. Aeolian changes are more frequent at elevated locations, such as the top surfaces of rocks and lander footpads. InSight observed these changes using, for the first time, simultaneous in-situ and orbital imaging and high-frequency meteorological, seismological, and magnetic measurements. Seismometer measurements of ground acceleration constrain the timing and trajectory of convective vortex encounters, linking surface changes to source vortices. Magnetometer measurements show perturbations in magnetic field strength during the passage of convective vortices consistent with charged-particle motion. Detachment of sand-scale particles occurs when high background winds and vortex-induced turbulence provide a peak surface friction wind speed above the classic saltation fluid threshold. However, detachment of dust- and granule-scale particles also occurred when the surface friction wind speed remained below this threshold. This may be explained by local enhancement of the surface roughness and other effects described here and further studied in Part 2 (Baker et al., 2021). The lack of saltation and bright dust-coated surfaces at the InSight landing site implies surface stability and the onset of particle motion may be suppressed by dust “cushioning.” This differentiates the InSight landing site from other areas on Mars that exhibit more aeolian activity.

中文翻译：

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InSight 着陆点的涡旋主导风尘活动，第 1 部分：多仪器观测、分析和影响

我们报告了美国宇航局洞察号着陆器在前 400 次操作期间在原位观察到的风沙变化：颗粒蠕变、跃迁、除尘和暗表面轨迹的形成。风沙的变化是不频繁和零星的。然而，在溶胶上，当它们确实发生时，它们始终出现在中午到下午 3 点之间，并且与高涡流活动期间对流涡流的通过有关。在高处，例如岩石和着陆器脚垫的顶部表面，风尘变化更为频繁。InSight 首次使用同步原位和轨道成像以及高频气象、地震和磁测量观察到这些变化。地震仪对地面加速度的测量限制了对流涡旋相遇的时间和轨迹，将表面变化与源涡流联系起来。磁力计测量显示在与带电粒子运动一致的对流涡流通过期间磁场强度的扰动。当高背景风和涡流引起的湍流提供高于经典跃迁流体阈值的峰值表面摩擦风速时，就会发生沙鳞颗粒的脱离。然而，当表面摩擦风速保持在该阈值以下时，也会发生灰尘和颗粒状颗粒的脱离。这可以通过表面粗糙度的局部增强和此处描述的其他影响来解释，并在第 2 部分（Baker 等人，2021）中进一步研究。InSight 着陆点没有跳跃和明亮的灰尘涂层表面意味着表面稳定性和粒子运动的开始可能会被灰尘“缓冲”抑制。