Freshwater salinization is an emerging global problem impacting safe drinking water, ecosystem health and biodiversity, infrastructure corrosion, and food production. Freshwater salinization originates from diverse anthropogenic and geologic sources including road salts, human-accelerated weathering, sewage, urban construction, fertilizer, mine drainage, resource extraction, water softeners, saltwater intrusion, and evaporative concentration of ions due to hydrologic alterations and climate change. The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment are called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS). Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of salinization issues (past, present, and future), and we investigate drivers and solutions. We analyze the expanding global magnitude and scope of FSS including its discovery in humid regions, connections to human-accelerated weathering and mobilization of ‘chemical cocktails.’ We also present data illustrating: (1) increasing trends in salt ion concentrations in some of the world’s major freshwaters, including critical drinking water supplies; (2) decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in rivers due to regulations but increasing trends in salinization, which have been due to lack of adequate management and regulations; (3) regional trends in atmospheric deposition of salt ions and storage of salt ions in soils and groundwater, and (4) applications of specific conductance as a proxy for tracking sources and concentrations of groups of elements in freshwaters. We prioritize FSS research needs related to better understanding: (1) effects of saltwater intrusion on ecosystem processes, (2) potential health risks from groundwater contamination of home wells, (3) potential risks to clean and safe drinking water sources, (4) economic and safety impacts of infrastructure corrosion, (5) alteration of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and (6) application of high-frequency sensors in state-of-the art monitoring and management. We evaluate management solutions using a watershed approach spanning air, land, and water to explore variations in sources, fate and transport of different salt ions (e.g. monitoring of atmospheric deposition of ions, stormwater management, groundwater remediation, and managing road runoff). We also identify tradeoffs in management approaches such as unanticipated retention and release of chemical cocktails from urban stormwater management best management practices (BMPs) and unintended consequences of alternative deicers on water quality. Overall, we show that FSS has direct and indirect effects on mobilization of diverse chemical cocktails of ions, metals, nutrients, organics, and radionuclides in freshwaters with mounting impacts. Our comprehensive review suggests what could happen if FSS were not managed into the future and evaluates strategies for reducing increasing risks to clean and safe drinking water, human health, costly infrastructure, biodiversity, and critical ecosystem services.

淡水盐碱化是一个正在出现的全球性问题，影响到安全饮用水，生态系统健康和生物多样性，基础设施腐蚀以及粮食生产。淡水盐碱化源自多种人为和地质来源，包括路盐，人类加速的风化，污水，城市建设，化肥，矿山排水，资源提取，水软化剂，盐水入侵以及由于水文变化和气候变化而引起的离子蒸发浓度。盐离子与化学，生物和地质参数之间的复杂相互关系以及对自然，社会和建筑环境的后果称为淡水盐化综合症（FSS）。在这里，我们提供了盐化问题（过去，现在和将来）的全面概述，并且我们调查了驱动因素和解决方案。我们分析了FSS在全球范围内不断扩大的规模和范围，包括其在潮湿地区的发现，与人类加速风化的关系以及“化学混合物”的动员。我们还提供了说明以下方面的数据：（1）在世界一些主要淡水中，包括关键的饮用水供应中，盐离子浓度的上升趋势；（2）由于缺乏法规，导致河流中养分浓度的趋势下降，但由于缺乏适当的管理和规章，盐碱化趋势增加；（3）大气中盐离子的沉积以及土壤和地下水中盐离子的存储的区域趋势，以及（4）应用特定电导率来替代淡水中元素的来源和浓度。我们优先考虑与更好理解相关的FSS研究需求：（1）盐水入侵对生态系统过程的影响；（2）家庭井的地下水污染对健康的潜在风险；（3）清洁和安全饮用水源的潜在风险；（4）基础设施腐蚀的经济和安全影响；（5 ）生物多样性和生态系统功能的改变，以及（6）高频传感器在最新的监测和管理中的应用。我们使用跨越空气，土地和水的分水岭方法来评估管理解决方案，以探索不同盐离子的来源，命运和运输方式的变化（（5）改变生物多样性和生态系统功能，以及（6）高频传感器在最新的监测和管理中的应用。我们使用跨越空气，土地和水的分水岭方法来评估管理解决方案，以探索不同盐离子的来源，命运和运输方式的变化（（5）改变生物多样性和生态系统功能，以及（6）高频传感器在最新的监测和管理中的应用。我们使用跨越空气，土地和水的分水岭方法来评估管理解决方案，以探索不同盐离子的来源，命运和运输方式的变化（例如监测离子在大气中的沉积，雨水管理，地下水修复以及管理道路径流）。我们还确定了管理方法的权衡因素，例如城市雨水管理最佳管理规范（BMP）中化学混合物的意外保留和释放，以及其他除冰剂对水质的意外影响。总体而言，我们表明FSS对动员离子和金属，营养素，有机物和放射性核素的化学混合物的化学作用具有直接和间接的影响，且影响日益明显。我们的全面审查建议，如果不对FSS进行管理，将来会发生什么，并评估降低清洁和安全饮用水，人类健康，昂贵的基础设施，生物多样性和重要的生态系统服务风险的战略。