Bullying is a severe public health problem, and bystanders’ reactions are a key variable in its perpetration and maintenance. This study aimed to assess the level of secondary victimization of bullying victims as a function of the student’s sex and the victim’s category (nonnormative vs. normative) in three experimental conditions (feminine, masculine, and ethnicity) from a socioecological perspective. Specifically, two dimensions of secondary victimization were evaluated: avoidance and devaluation/blaming of the victim. A sequence of mixed-design ANOVAs was performed with a sample of 553 Spanish (53.3%) and Portuguese (46.7%) students, aged between 14 and 19 years. Results show that nonnormative victims, those who transgress feminine and masculine gender stereotypes, and those who belong to a minority ethnic group (gypsies) are avoided more than normative victims; and that boys perpetrate more secondary victimization than girls. These results reveal the situation of vulnerability suffered by adolescents who transgress the gender norm as well as those who belong to minority ethnic groups, and highlight that the motivations concealed by the secondary victimization of bullying victims originate in the group processes of identity construction and categorization that configure the boundaries of “legitimacy” and are strongly influenced by social beliefs about normative and nonnormative identities. This socioecological approach could guide prevention strategies, so generic antibullying policies that do not explicitly address biases about gender, sexual, and cultural identity can be overcome to reduce the high levels of stigma occurring in the schools through critical and culturally responsive pedagogy.

欺凌是一个严重的公共卫生问题，旁观者的反应是其实施和维持的关键变量。本研究旨在从社会生态学角度评估在三种实验条件（女性、男性和种族）中欺凌受害者的二次受害程度与学生性别和受害者类别（非规范与规范）的关系。具体来说，评估了二次受害的两个维度：回避和贬低/责备受害者。对年龄在 14 至 19 岁的 553 名西班牙（53.3%）和葡萄牙（46.7%）学生进行了一系列混合设计方差分析。结果表明，那些违反女性和男性性别刻板印象的非规范受害者，那些属于少数族裔群体（吉普赛人）的人比规范的受害者更容易受到回避；并且男孩比女孩遭受更多的二次伤害。这些结果揭示了违反性别规范的青少年以及属于少数族裔的青少年所遭受的脆弱状况，并强调了欺凌受害者二次受害所隐藏的动机源于身份建构和分类的群体过程配置“合法性”的边界，并受到关于规范和非规范身份的社会信仰的强烈影响。这种社会生态学方法可以指导预防策略，因此通用的反欺凌政策没有明确解决关于性别、性、