Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is often conceptualized as occurring unilaterally, reciprocal or bidirectional violence is actually the most prevalent form of IPV. The current study assessed physical IPV experiences in couples and evaluated risk and protective factors that may be differentially associated with reciprocal and nonreciprocal IPV concurrently and over time. As part of a multi-wave longitudinal study, women and men reported on the frequency of their IPV perpetration and victimization three times across the transition to parenthood. Participants also reported on risk factors related to personal adjustment, psychosocial resources, attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism, and sociodemographic characteristics at each wave. Participants were classified into one of four IPV groups (reciprocal violence, male perpetrators only, female perpetrators only, and no violence) based on their self-report and based on a combined report, which incorporated both partners’ reports of IPV for a maximum estimate of violence. Women and men were analyzed separately, as both can be perpetrators and/or victims of IPV. Cross-sectional analyses using self-reported IPV data indicated that IPV groups were most consistently distinguished by their levels of couple satisfaction, across gender; psychological distress also appeared to differentiate IPV groups, although somewhat less consistently. When combined reports of IPV were used, sociodemographic risk markers (i.e., age, income, and education) in addition to couple functioning were among the most robust factors differentiating IPV groups concurrently, across gender. In longitudinal analyses, sociodemographic vulnerabilities were again among the most consistent factors differentiating subsequent IPV groups over time. Several gender differences were also found, suggesting that different risk factors (e.g., women’s social support and men’s emotion regulation abilities) may need to be targeted in interventions to identify, prevent, and treat IPV among women and men.

尽管亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV) 通常被认为是单方面发生的，但相互或双向暴力实际上是 IPV 最普遍的形式。目前的研究评估了夫妻的身体 IPV 体验，并评估了可能与同时和随着时间推移的互惠和非互惠 IPV 存在差异相关的风险和保护因素。作为多波纵向研究的一部分，女性和男性在为人父母的过渡过程中三次报告了他们的 IPV 实施和受害频率。参与者还报告了与个人适应、心理社会资源、对性别角色平等主义的态度以及每一波的社会人口特征相关的风险因素。根据参与者的自我报告和一份综合报告，参与者被分为四个 IPV 组之一（相互暴力、仅男性施暴者、仅女性施暴者和无暴力），该报告纳入了伴侣双方的 IPV 报告以获得最大估计的暴力。对女性和男性进行了单独分析，因为两者都可能是 IPV 的肇事者和/或受害者。使用自我报告的 IPV 数据进行的横断面分析表明，不同性别的 IPV 群体最一致的特征是其夫妻满意度水平；心理困扰似乎也能区分 IPV 群体，尽管不太一致。当使用 IPV 的综合报告时，除了夫妻功能之外，社会人口学风险标记（即年龄、收入和教育程度）是同时区分跨性别 IPV 群体的最有力因素之一。在纵向分析中，随着时间的推移，社会人口学脆弱性再次成为区分后续 IPV 群体的最一致因素之一。 还发现了一些性别差异，表明可能需要针对不同的风险因素（例如女性的社会支持和男性的情绪调节能力）进行干预，以识别、预防和治疗女性和男性的 IPV。