Whereas much of the literature on status and domestic audiences analyzes how international achievement helps shore up domestic legitimacy, analyses regarding the opposite direction—how the lack of domestic support undercuts status signaling—remain rare. Mega-events constitute a highly public and visible example of conspicuous consumption as a form of status signaling. However, in rising democracies state elites are obliged to frame the benefits of hosting a World Cup in both instrumental dimensions and expressive virtues. In Brazil, the political fallout from the economic crisis, however, made it very difficult for state elites to rely on the expressive value of Brazil's status as World Cup host to subdue domestic opposition driven by instrumental logics. In contrast, for South Africans, the 2010 World Cup not only became an “exceptional status moment” but also constituted a “nation founding moment,” which meant that the expressive significance of hosting the first World Cup in Africa mitigated similar instrumental criticism.

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状态信号和国内反对的风险：比较南非和巴西举办 2010 年和 2014 年世界杯的情况

尽管许多关于地位和国内受众的文献都分析了国际成就如何帮助巩固国内合法性，但关于相反方向的分析——缺乏国内支持如何削弱地位信号——仍然很少见。大型活动构成了炫耀性消费作为一种状态信号形式的高度公开和可见的示例。然而，在新兴的民主国家，国家精英不得不从工具性和表达美德两方面来界定举办世界杯的好处。然而，在巴西，经济危机的政治影响使国家精英很难依靠巴西作为世界杯东道主的地位的表现价值来制服由工具逻辑驱动的国内反对派。相比之下，对于南非人来说，