Transfer-RNAs (tRNAs) help ribosomes decode mRNAs and synthesize proteins; however, tRNA fragments produced under certain conditions, known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), have been found to play important roles in pathophysiological processes. In the reproductive system, tsRNAs are abundant in gametes and embryos and at the maternal–fetal interface, as well as in microvesicles like epididymosomes, seminal plasma exosomes, and syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles. tsRNAs can affect gamete cell maturation, zygote activation, and early embryonic development. tsRNAs can transmit epigenetic information to later generations. In particular, exposure to environmental factors such as nutrition, isoproterenol, and poly(I:C) may allow tsRNAs to transfer information to the gametes or placenta to alter offspring phenotype. The underlying mechanisms of tsRNAs action include transposon silencing, translation regulation, and target mRNA degradation. Herein, we review the currently reported tsRNAs in the reproductive system, their validated functions, and potential roles. A better understanding of this field may help to provide useful recommendations or develop strategies to increase fertility and conception of healthy babies.

中文翻译：

---

转移或“转移”-RNA 片段？tsRNA在生殖系统中的作用

转移 RNA (tRNA) 帮助核糖体解码 mRNA 并合成蛋白质；然而，已发现在某些条件下产生的 tRNA 片段，称为 tRNA 衍生的小 RNA (tsRNA)，在病理生理过程中起重要作用。在生殖系统中，tsRNA 在配子和胚胎以及母胎界面以及附睾小体、精浆外泌体和合体滋养层衍生的细胞外囊泡等微泡中含量丰富。tsRNA 可以影响配子细胞成熟、合子激活和早期胚胎发育。tsRNA 可以将表观遗传信息传递给后代。特别是，暴露于环境因素，如营养、异丙肾上腺素和聚 (I:C) 可能允许 tsRNA 将信息传递给配子或胎盘以改变后代表型。tsRNAs 作用的潜在机制包括转座子沉默、翻译调控和靶 mRNA 降解。在此，我们回顾了目前报道的生殖系统中的 tsRNAs、它们经过验证的功能和潜在作用。更好地了解这一领域可能有助于提供有用的建议或制定策略以提高生育能力和健康婴儿的受孕。