Toxicological Response of Chironomus dilutus in Single-Chemical and Binary Mixture Exposure Experiments with 6 Perfluoralkyl Substances,Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Toxicological Response of Chironomus dilutus in Single-Chemical and Binary Mixture Exposure Experiments with 6 Perfluoralkyl Substances
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-09 , DOI: 10.1002/etc.5066
Christopher J McCarthy ₁ , Shaun A Roark ₂ , Demitria Wright ₂ , Kelly O'Neal ₃ , Brett Muckey ₄ , Mike Stanaway ₄ , Justin N Rewerts ₅ , Jennifer A Field ₅ , Todd A Anderson ₆ , Christopher J Salice ₇

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Few studies have determined the toxicity of perfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) to aquatic invertebrates. We exposed Chironomus dilutus to 6 different PFAS to assess single-chemical toxicity and relative or proportional toxicity among substances. A 10-d range-finding test was conducted to inform 20-d assays for the following PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA). A 20-d binary mixture study of PFOS+PFHxS followed the single-chemical tests. Measurement endpoints for 20-d tests included larval survival and biomass. Log-logistic concentration response models were used to estimate 10, 20, and 50% effect concentrations (EC20, EC50) for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA. Survival EC50s for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA were 2.49, 3860, and 192 000 µg/L, respectively, whereas survival EC20s were 1.70, 913, and 119 000 µg/L for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA, respectively. Biomass as a combined survival and growth endpoint resulted in EC20s of 1.89, 896, and 137 000 µg/L for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA, respectively. Maximum concentrations tested (no-observed-effect concentrations) for PFNA, PFBS, and PFHpA were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the PFOS EC50s and showed no toxicity to C. dilutus, even at exposure concentrations well above what would be considered environmentally relevant. The binary mixture of 2.5 µg/L PFOS+1000 µg/L PFHxS showed reduced survival compared to controls and some indication of potential additive or synergistic interaction between PFOS and PFHxS. Overall, the present study supports previous studies showing PFOS to be the most toxic PFAS to aquatic life and suggests that PFOS could be more toxic to the freshwater midge than previously reported. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2319–2333. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

稀释摇蚊在 6 种全氟烷基物质的单一化学和二元混合物暴露实验中的毒理学反应

很少有研究确定全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 对水生无脊椎动物的毒性。我们暴露了 Chironomus dilutus对 6 种不同的 PFAS 进行评估，以评估物质之间的单一化学毒性和相对或比例毒性。进行了 10 天测距测试，以告知以下 PFAS 的 20 天测定：全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS)、全氟辛酸 (PFOA)、全氟壬酸 (PFNA)、全氟丁磺酸 (PFBS)、全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS)和全氟庚酸 (PFHpA)。对 PFOS+PFHxS 进行了 20 天的二元混合物研究，随后进行了单一化学测试。20 天测试的测量终点包括幼虫存活率和生物量。对数逻辑浓度响应模型用于估计全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸和全氟辛酸的 10%、20% 和 50% 效应浓度（EC20、EC50）。PFOS、PFHxS 和 PFOA 的存活 EC50 分别为 2.49、3860 和 192 000 µg/L，而 PFOS 的存活 EC20 分别为 1.70、913 和 119 000 µg/L，分别为全氟己烷磺酸和全氟辛酸。生物质作为生存和生长的综合终点，导致 PFOS、PFHxS 和 PFOA 的 EC20 分别为 1.89、896 和 137 000 µg/L。PFNA、PFBS 和 PFHpA 的最大测试浓度（未观察到影响浓度）比 PFOS EC50 高 2 到 3 个数量级，并且对C. dilutus，即使暴露浓度远高于环境相关浓度。与对照相比，2.5 微克/升全氟辛烷磺酸+1000 微克/升全氟己烷磺酸的二元混合物显示出存活率降低，并且某些迹象表明全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟己烷磺酸之间存在潜在的累加或协同相互作用。总体而言，本研究支持先前的研究，表明全氟辛烷磺酸是对水生生物毒性最大的全氟辛烷磺酸，并表明全氟辛烷磺酸对淡水蠓的毒性可能比先前报道的更大。 环境毒物化学2021；40:2319–2333。© 2021 SETAC

更新日期：2021-04-09

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