The greatest challenges of rigorously modeling coupled hydro-mechanical processes in fractured rocks at different scales are associated with computational geometry. In addition, selections of continuous or discontinuous models, physical laws, and coupling priorities at different scales based on different geometric features determine the applicability of a numerical model for a certain type of problem. In this study, we present our multi-scale modeling capabilities that have been developed based on the numerical manifold method for analyzing coupled hydro-mechanical processes in fractured rocks. Based on their geometric features, the fractures are modeled as continua—finite-thickness porous zones, and discontinua—discontinuous interfaces and microscale asperities and granular systems. Different governing equations, physical laws, coupling priorities, and approaches for addressing fracture intersections and shearing are then applied to describe these. We applied these models to simulate coupled processes in fractured rocks using realistic geometry obtained from rock images at different scales. We first calculated shearing of a single fracture with different models and demonstrated the impacts of asperities on shearing. We then applied the continuous and discontinuous models to simulate a network of rough fractures, demonstrating that contact dynamics contribute significantly to the geometric, multi-physical evolution of systems where rough fractures are not mineral filled. For a discrete fracture network, our coupled processes modeling demonstrates that shearing of the discrete fractures can have a major impact on stress and pore pressure distribution. Lastly, we applied the discontinuous granular model to simulate evolution of a complex granular system with a deformation band, demonstrating that the deformation band can dominate contact dynamics, the structural and the stress evolution of the granular system.

在不同比例的裂隙岩石中，对流体力学过程进行严格建模的最大挑战与计算几何相关。此外，根据不同的几何特征选择连续或不连续的模型，物理定律以及不同比例的耦合优先级，将决定数值模型对某种类型问题的适用性。在这项研究中，我们介绍了我们的多尺度建模能力，这些能力是基于数值流形方法开发的，用于分析裂隙岩体中的水力耦合过程。根据裂缝的几何特征，将裂缝建模为连续的（有限厚度的多孔区域）和不连续的（不连续的界面，微观尺度的凹凸不平和粒状系统）。不同的控制方程式，物理定律，耦合优先级，然后采用解决裂缝交叉和剪切的方法来描述这些问题。我们使用这些模型来模拟裂缝岩石中的耦合过程，使用从不同比例的岩石图像获得的逼真的几何形状。我们首先使用不同的模型来计算单个裂缝的剪切力，并演示了凹凸不平对剪切力的影响。然后，我们应用连续和不连续的模型来模拟粗糙裂缝的网络，证明接触动力学对没有矿物填充的粗糙裂缝的系统的几何，多物理演化做出了重大贡献。对于离散裂缝网络，我们的耦合过程建模表明，离散裂缝的剪切对应力和孔隙压力分布可能具有重大影响。最后，