Annual growth cycles of perennial horticultural and forest woody plant species of temperate and boreal regions can be divided into two phases, namely the growth and dormancy phases. During the dormancy phase, vegetative and reproductive meristems undergo dormancy to withstand subzero winter temperatures. The dormant state of the plant organs can be defined classically as a non-growing latent state, where no visible growth occurs in meristem containing plants structures, such as seeds and buds. In the strictest view of the term, dormancy is considered a state of the meristem in which cell divisions cease, and the meristem is unresponsive to growth-promoting cues until dormancy-breaking cues are perceived by the plant (Rohde and Bhalerao 2007). For more than 30 years, bud dormancy has been distinguished into three types: (i) paradormancy, where growth of the lateral bud is suppressed by actively growing apical bud and is also known as apical dominance; (ii) endodormancy, established through environmental cues (low temperature and short day lengths) and endogenous factors, and requires a particular period of low temperature to resume meristematic growth; and (iii) ecodormancy, where the plant is competent to resume growth, but prevailing unfavorable environmental conditions arrest its active growth (Lang et al. 1987). As our understanding of the activity–dormancy cycle at the cellular and molecular level has increased, the community’s notions of dormancy have expanded beyond these physiologically based categories. For example, new classification and terminology referring to plant dormancy at the cellular level has been proposed by Considine and Considine (2016). At some level, the challenges of defining and classifying the developmental and physiological status of meristem-containing structures through the annual growth cycle have been compounded by the insights into dormancy and dormancy-related processes that have been reported by the community over the last three decades. This becomes particularly evident as we consider dormancy and dormancy-related processes across species.

中文翻译：

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植物休眠研究：从环境控制到分子调控网络

温带和北方地区的多年生园艺和森林木本植物的年度生长周期可分为两个阶段，即生长和休眠阶段。在休眠阶段，营养和生殖分生组织经历休眠，以承受冬季零下的温度。植物器官的休眠状态可以经典地定义为非生长潜伏状态，其中在含有分生组织的植物结构（如种子和芽）中没有可见的生长。用最严格的术语来说，休眠被认为是分生组织的一种状态，在该状态下细胞分裂停止，而分生组织对促进生长的线索无反应，直到植物感知到打破休眠的线索为止（Rohde and Bhalerao 2007）。30多年来，芽休眠已分为三种类型：（i）超休眠，主动生长的顶芽抑制了侧芽的生长，也被称为顶优势；（ii）通过环境提示（低温和短日照）和内生因素建立的内在气味，需要一段特定的低温时间才能恢复分生组织生长；（iii）生态休眠，即植物有能力恢复生长，但主要的不利环境条件阻止了其活跃生长（Lang等，1987）。随着我们对细胞和分子水平上的活动-休眠周期的理解的增加，社区的休眠概念已扩展到这些基于生理的类别之外。例如，Considine and Considine（2016）提出了新的分类和术语，涉及细胞水平上的植物休眠。在某种程度上，在过去的三十年中，社区报告了对休眠和休眠相关过程的深刻见解，从而使定义和分类包含分生组织的结构的发育和生理状态的挑战变得更加困难。当我们考虑物种间的休眠和休眠相关过程时，这一点变得尤为明显。