The main objective of this article is to provide a general numerical approach for the hydro-mechanical (HM) modelling of tunnels excavated in saturated rock masses exhibiting plastic behaviour, considering a multi-stage excavation process. First, a new excavation method has been proposed and implemented in the software CODE_BRIGHT, based on the finite element method. In this method, the stresses in the excavation elements are reduced smoothly. As verification, the principle of uniqueness has been tested for multi-stage excavation. Then, numerical studies have been carried out to verify the advantages of the proposed excavation method in the numerical calculation, showing that the proposed method improves computational efficiency and mitigates convergence issues. Hence, this method can solve the usual numerical difficulties related to excavation problems and, therefore, it allows a more in-depth analysis of the HM behaviour of rock masses during tunnel excavation.

Moreover, the results obtained in CODE_BRIGHT using the proposed method are compared with existing solutions for longitudinal deformation profiles (LDP), including elastic–plastic solutions for mechanical problems and elastic solutions for HM problems. Furthermore, this article presents the HM modelling of tunnels excavated in saturated rock masses, analysing the sensitivity of the LDP to the HM conditions and to the rock mass quality. Finally, based on a large amount of data obtained from numerical simulations, empirical solutions for the LDP of tunnels excavated in saturated rock masses –in a steady-state HM framework– have been obtained by fitting non-linear curves for the normalised radial displacements that occur ahead and behind the tunnel face. Hence, this article attempts to provide a convenient set of alternatives for the preliminary design of tunnels excavated in saturated rock masses.

本文的主要目的是为考虑了多阶段开挖过程的饱和塑性岩体中开挖的隧道的水力-力学（HM）建模提供一种通用的数值方法。首先，基于有限元方法，提出了一种新的开挖方法，并在软件CODE_BRIGHT中实现。在这种方法中，开挖元件中的应力被平稳地减小。作为验证，已经对多阶段开挖测试了唯一性原理。然后，进行了数值研究，以验证所提出的开挖方法在数值计算中的优势，表明所提出的方法提高了计算效率并减轻了收敛性问题。因此，

此外，使用所提出的方法在CODE_BRIGHT中获得的结果与纵向变形轮廓（LDP）的现有解决方案进行了比较，包括针对机械问题的弹塑性解决方案和针对HM问题的弹性解决方案。此外，本文介绍了在饱和岩体中开挖的隧道的HM模型，分析了LDP对HM条件和岩体质量的敏感性。最后，根据大量数值模拟得出的数据，通过在稳态HM框架下对饱和岩体中开挖的隧道的LDP的经验解，通过对归一化径向位移进行非线性拟合，从而获得了经验解。发生在隧道面的前面和后面。因此，