There is growing evidence that smaller vessels not required to broadcast data via the Automatic Identification System (AIS) contribute significant noise to urbanized coastal areas. The Marine Monitor (M2), a vessel tracking system that integrates AIS data with data collected via marine radar and high-definition camera, was employed to track all vessel types (regardless of AIS data availability) in a region of San Francisco Bay (SFB) where high-speed ferry, recreational, and commercial shipping traffic are common. Using a co-located hydrophone, source levels (SL) associated with 565 unique vessel passages were calculated and resultant cumulative daily sound exposure levels across the study area were modeled. Despite large ships primarily having the highest SLs, ferries and motorized recreational craft contributed noise to the largest area in two frequency bands of interest. The M2 provided data without the need for an on-site observer and enabled a systematic analysis of all relevant vessel types which showed that non-AIS vessels should not be excluded from consideration, especially in a highly urbanized estuary like SFB. This research provides an assessment of underwater radiated noise from all common vessel types in SFB suitable for informing habitat quality and threat evaluation for local cetacean species.

中文翻译：

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多传感器集成可评估旧金山湾普通船只的水下辐射噪声

越来越多的证据表明，不需要通过自动识别系统（AIS）广播数据的较小船只会给城市化的沿海地区带来很大的噪音。Marine Monitor（M2）是一种船舶跟踪系统，该系统将AIS数据与通过船舶雷达和高清摄像头收集的数据集成在一起，用于跟踪旧金山湾（SFB）区域中的所有船舶类型（无论AIS数据是否可用） ）高速渡轮，休闲和商业运输流量很普遍的地方。使用位于同一地点的水听器，计算了与565次独特船只通过相关的声源水平（SL），并对整个研究区域的日累积累积声暴露水平进行了建模。尽管大型船舶主要具有最高的SL，渡轮和机动娱乐设备在两个感兴趣的频段内对最大面积产生了噪声。M2无需现场观察者就可以提供数据，并且可以对所有相关船只类型进行系统分析，这表明不应该排除非AIS船只，特别是在SFB等高度城市化的河口中。这项研究提供了对SFB中所有常见船只类型的水下辐射噪声的评估，适用于告知栖息地质量和当地鲸类物种的威胁评估。