In this contribution, we will present a short overview of the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) approach as a tool for studying the 3-dimensional structure of hadrons in high-energy (un)polarized hadron collisions. We will then summarize the present status of a running research programme that aims at constraining the poorly known transverse momentum dependent gluon Sivers function, through the study of single spin asymmetries in quarkonium (mainly \(\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{\psi }\)), pion, and D-meson production in polarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC. Finally, we will shortly discuss perspectives for this field of research, emphasizing in particular its role in the physics programme of LHC in the fixed-target setup and NICA-SPD at JINR.

在本文中，我们将简要介绍横向动量依赖（TMD）方法，作为研究高能（非）极化强子碰撞中强子3维结构的工具。然后，我们将通过研究夸克中的单自旋不对称性（主要是\（\ mathrm {J} / \ mathrm {\ psi } \）），介子和D介子在RHIC的极化质子-质子碰撞中产生。最后，我们将简短讨论该研究领域的观点，特别强调其在LHC固定目标设置中的LHC物理程序和JINR的NICA-SPD中的作用。