Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—deliberate self-harm without the intent to die—is a high-risk and impairing behavior associated with long-term morbidity and mortality risks. The prevalence of NSSI escalates in adolescence, indicating a sensitive developmental period for the emergence of this behavior. Neurobiological, interpersonal, and affective processes leading to NSSI have been proposed. However, the link between neurodevelopment and the emergence of NSSI in adolescence remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, we integrate a diverse literature of human and animal studies that have examined features of NSSI and identify two neurodevelopmental mechanisms that increase risk of NSSI in adolescence: sensitivity to socioaffective pain and reward. We propose a two-step process in which neurodevelopmental sensitivity exacerbates socioaffective risk pathways leading to the onset of NSSI and strengthens the maintenance of self-harm in adolescence. We discuss implications of this theoretical framework for improving prevention and intervention strategies by capitalizing on developmental sensitivity in potentiating mechanisms.

非自杀性自残（NSSI）是故意的自我伤害，没有死亡意图，是与长期发病和死亡风险相关的高风险和削弱行为。NSSI的流行在青春期逐步升级，表明该行为出现的敏感发育时期。已经提出了导致NSSI的神经生物学，人际关系和情感过程。但是，神经发育与青春期NSSI的出现之间的联系仍然不清楚。因此，在这篇综述中，我们整合了各种人类和动物研究的文献，这些文献检查了NSSI的特征，并确定了两种增加青春期NSSI风险的神经发育机制：对社会情感性疼痛和奖赏的敏感性。我们提出了一个两步过程，其中神经发育敏感性加剧了导致NSSI发作的社会情感风险途径，并加强了青春期自我伤害的维持。我们讨论了利用增强机制中的发展敏感性来改善预防和干预策略的理论框架的意义。