Variations of willingness to pay (WTP) in geographical space have been characterised by the presence of localised patches of higher and lower values. However, to date, spatial valuation studies have not explored whether the distribution of hot (cold) spots of WTP is particular to each environmental good or if it follows similar patterns to other, comparable, environmental goods. We address this question by contrasting the spatial patterns of hot (cold) clusters of WTP for improvements in several ecosystem services. We geocoded individual-specific WTP estimates derived from a discrete choice experiment exploring preferences for ecosystem service improvements for three different catchment areas in Scotland comprising urban, agricultural, riverine and estuarine ecosystems. The local Moran's I statistic was used to find statistically significant local clusters and identify hot spots and cold spots. Finally, Multi-type Ripley's K and L functions were used to contrast the spatial patterns of local clusters of WTP among ecosystem services, and across case studies. Our results show that hotspots of WTP for environmental improvements tend to occur close to each other in space, regardless of the ecosystem service or the area under consideration. Our findings suggest that households sort themselves according to their preferences for estuarine ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

---

生态系统服务支付意愿的空间聚类

地理空间中支付意愿 (WTP) 的变化的特点是存在较高和较低价值的局部斑块。然而，迄今为止，空间估价研究尚未探讨 WTP 热点（冷）点的分布是否特定于每种环境产品，或者它是否遵循与其他可比环境产品相似的模式。我们通过对比 WTP 热（冷）集群的空间模式来解决这个问题，以改善几种生态系统服务。我们对来自苏格兰三个不同集水区（包括城市、农业、河流和河口生态系统）的生态系统服务改善偏好的离散选择实验进行了地理编码，我们对个人特定的 WTP 估计进行了地理编码。当地的莫兰 s I 统计量用于查找具有统计显着性的局部聚类并识别热点和冷点。最后，使用多类型 Ripley 的 K 和 L 函数来对比生态系统服务之间和跨案例研究的 WTP 局部集群的空间格局。我们的结果表明，无论生态系统服务或考虑的区域如何，用于环境改善的 WTP 热点往往在空间中彼此靠近。我们的研究结果表明，家庭根据他们对河口生态系统服务的偏好对自己进行分类。我们的结果表明，无论生态系统服务或考虑的区域如何，用于环境改善的 WTP 热点往往在空间中彼此靠近。我们的研究结果表明，家庭根据他们对河口生态系统服务的偏好对自己进行分类。我们的结果表明，无论生态系统服务或考虑的区域如何，用于环境改善的 WTP 热点往往在空间中彼此靠近。我们的研究结果表明，家庭根据他们对河口生态系统服务的偏好对自己进行分类。