Effectiveness has been understood at three levels of analysis in the scholarly study of policy design. The first is at the systemic level indicating what entails effective formulation environments or spaces making them conducive to successful design. The second reflects more program level concerns, surrounding how policy tool portfolios or mixes can be effectively constructed to address complex policy objectives. The third is a more specific instrument level, focusing on what accounts for and constitutes the effectiveness of particular types of policy tools. Undergirding these three levels of analysis are comparative research concerns that concentrate on the capacities of government and political actors to devise and implement effective designs. This paper presents a systematic review of a largely scattered yet quickly burgeoning body of knowledge in the policy sciences, which broadly asks what capacities engender effectiveness at the multiple levels of policy design? The findings bring to light lessons about design effectiveness at the level of formulation spaces, policy mixes and policy programs. Further, this review points to a future research agenda for design studies that is sensitive to the relative orders of policy capacity, temporality and complementarities between the various dimensions of policy capacity.

在政策设计的学术研究中，人们从三个层次的分析中理解了有效性。第一个是在系统层面，表明什么需要有效的配方环境或空间，使其有利于成功的设计。第二个反映了更多计划层面的问题，围绕如何有效构建政策工具组合或组合以解决复杂的政策目标。三是更具体的文书层面，关注什么解释和构成特定类型的政策工具的有效性。这三个层次分析的基础是比较研究关注点，这些关注点集中在政府和政治行为者设计和实施有效设计的能力上。本文对政策科学中大量分散但迅速发展的知识体系进行了系统回顾，广泛地询问了哪些能力在政策设计的多个层次上产生了有效性？研究结果揭示了在制定空间、政策组合和政策计划层面设计有效性的经验教训。此外，本综述指出了对政策能力的相对顺序敏感的设计研究的未来研究议程，