A reassessment of the Marshall family expeditions in the 1950s and the films in the Kalahari is offered. What was learned by the Marshalls, as pioneers of visual anthropology, is examined through the investigations of several later scholars, filmmakers and archivists. This article draws on the semiotics of C. S. Peirce in light of his discussion of how things appear (phaneroscopy), backgrounded research and image ethics, and my own field work amongst Kalahari Desert communities. It examines the principles and contradictions that arise from the Marshalls’ research and imaging with the Ju/’hoansi people. Some new semiotic insights regarding representation and researcher position, and observer–observed relationships, are offered here.

重新评估了1950年代的马歇尔家族探险队和卡拉哈里的电影。马歇尔作为视觉人类学的先驱者所学到的东西，是通过对后来的一些学者，电影制片人和档案保管员的调查研究而得出的。本文根据CS Peirce的符号学方法，即他对事物的外观（物镜学），背景研究和图像伦理学以及我自己在Kalahari沙漠社区中的实地考察的讨论。它研究了马歇尔人对Ju /'hoansi人民的研究和想象中产生的原理和矛盾。这里提供了一些有关代表性和研究人员位置以及观察者与观察者之间的关系的新符号学见解。