For the purpose of identifying the key processes and sectors involved in the interaction between Earth and socio-economic systems, we review existing studies on those processes/sectors through which the climate impacts socio-economic systems, which then in turn affect the climate. For each process/sector, we review the direct physical and ecological impacts and, if available, the impact on the economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on this review, land sector is identified as the process with the most significant impact on GHG emissions, while labor productivity has the largest impact on the gross domestic product (GDP). On the other hand, the energy sector, due to the increase in the demand for cooling, will have increased GHG emissions. Water resources, sea level rise, natural disasters, ecosystem services, and diseases also show the potential to have a significant influence on GHG emissions and GDP, although for most of these, a large effect was reported only by a limited number of studies. As a result, more studies are required to verify their influence in terms of feedbacks to the climate. In addition, although the economic damage arising from migration and conflict is uncertain, they should be treated as potentially damaging processes.

为了确定涉及地球与社会经济系统之间相互作用的关键过程和部门，我们回顾了有关气候影响社会经济系统进而影响气候的那些过程/部门的现有研究。对于每个过程/部门，我们都会审查直接的物理和生态影响，以及（如果有）对经济和温室气体（GHG）排放的影响。根据这项审查，土地部门被确定为对温室气体排放影响最大的过程，而劳动生产率对国内生产总值（GDP）的影响最大。另一方面，由于冷却需求的增加，能源部门的温室气体排放量将增加。水资源，海平面上升，自然灾害，生态系统服务，疾病也显示出对温室气体排放和GDP的重大影响的潜力，尽管对于其中大多数而言，只有有限的研究报告了巨大的影响。结果，需要更多的研究来验证它们对气候的反馈的影响。此外，尽管不确定因迁徙和冲突造成的经济损失，但应将其视为潜在的破坏性过程。