Technological advancements have focused increasing attention on Automated Mobility-on-Demand (AMOD) as a promising solution that may improve future urban mobility. During the last decade, extensive research has been conducted on the design and evaluation of AMOD systems using simulation models. This paper adds to this growing body of literature by investigating the network impacts of AMOD through high-fidelity activity- and agent-based traffic simulation, including detailed models of AMOD fleet operations. Through scenario simulations of the entire island of Singapore, we explore network traffic dynamics by employing the concept of the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). Taking into account the spatial variability of density, we are able to capture the hysteresis loops, which inevitably form in a network of this size. Model estimation results at both the vehicle and passenger flow level are documented. Environmental impacts including energy and emissions are also discussed. Findings from the case study of Singapore suggest that the introduction of AMOD may bring about significant impacts on network performance in terms of increased VKT, additional travel delay and energy consumption, while reducing vehicle emissions, with respect to the baseline. Despite the increase in network congestion, production of passenger flows remains relatively unchanged.

技术进步使人们越来越关注按需自动出行（AMOD），这是一种有希望的解决方案，可以改善未来的城市出行。在过去的十年中，已经对使用模拟模型的AMOD系统的设计和评估进行了广泛的研究。本文通过基于高保真活动和基于代理的流量模拟（包括AMOD车队运营的详细模型）来研究AMOD对网络的影响，从而增加了这一文献的增长。通过整个新加坡岛的场景模拟，我们采用宏观基本图（MFD）的概念来探索网络流量动态。考虑到密度的空间可变性，我们能够捕获磁滞回线，这些回旋回线不可避免地在这种大小的网络中形成。记录车辆和乘客流量水平的模型估计结果。还讨论了对环境的影响，包括能源和排放。新加坡案例研究的结果表明，引入AMOD可能会对网络性能产生重大影响，包括增加VKT，增加旅行延误和能耗，同时相对于基准线减少车辆排放。尽管网络拥堵有所增加，但客流的产生仍保持相对不变。相对于基准线，增加了旅行延误和能源消耗，同时减少了车辆的排放。尽管网络拥堵有所增加，但客流的产生仍保持相对不变。相对于基准线，增加了旅行延误和能源消耗，同时减少了车辆的排放。尽管网络拥堵有所增加，但客流的产生仍保持相对不变。