Neonatal hypoglycaemia is associated with adverse development, particularly visual-motor and executive function impairment, in childhood. As neonatal hypoglycaemia is common and frequently asymptomatic in at-risk babies—ie, those born preterm, small or large for gestational age, or to mothers with diabetes, it is recommended that these babies are screened for hypoglycaemia in the first 1–2 days after birth with frequent blood glucose measurements. Neonatal hypoglycaemia can be prevented and treated with buccal dextrose gel, and it is also common to treat babies with hypoglycaemia with infant formula and intravenous dextrose. However, it is uncertain if screening, prophylaxis, or treatment improves long-term outcomes of babies at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia. This narrative review assesses the latest evidence for screening, prophylaxis, and treatment of neonates at risk of hypoglycaemia to improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

新生儿低血糖与儿童时期的不良发育有关，特别是视觉运动和执行功能障碍。由于新生儿低血糖在高危婴儿（即早产儿、小于胎龄儿或大于胎龄儿的婴儿或患有糖尿病的母亲）中很常见且通常无症状，因此建议在出生后 1-2 天内对这些婴儿进行低血糖筛查出生后频繁测量血糖。新生儿低血糖可以用口腔葡萄糖凝胶预防和治疗，用婴儿配方奶粉和静脉注射葡萄糖治疗婴儿低血糖也很常见。然而，尚不确定筛查、预防或治疗是否可以改善有新生儿低血糖风险的婴儿的长期结局。这篇叙述性综述评估了对有低血糖风险的新生儿进行筛查、预防和治疗的最新证据，以改善长期神经发育结果。